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Monthly calendars to print. Cheap enough to write on, fold up, and throw in the gloveboxfor future reference. Nice enough to display in the office. These are very conservative on ink usage to keepprinting costs down. We've added links to full year 2008 items to this page for your convenience.

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A calendar is a system of organizing units of time for the purpose of reckoning time over extended periods. By convention, the day is the smallest calendrical unit of time. the measurement of fractions of a day is classified as timekeeping. The generality of this definition is due to the diversity of methods that have been used in creating calendars. Although some calendars replicate astronomical cycles according to fixed rules, others are based on abstract, perpetually repeating cycles of no astronomical significance. Some calendars are regulated by astronomical observations, some carefully and redundantly enumerate every unit, and some contain ambiguities and discontinuities. Some calendars are codified in written laws. others are transmitted by oral tradition. The common theme of calendar making is the desire to organize units of time to satisfy the needs and preoccupations of society. In addition to serving practical purposes, the process of organization provides a sense, however illusory, of understanding and controlling time itself. Thus calendars serve as a link between mankind and the cosmos. It is little wonder that calendars have held a sacred status and have served as a source of social order and cultural identity. Calendars have provided the basis for planning agricultural, hunting, and migration cycles, for divination and prognostication, and for maintaining cycles of religious and civil events. Whatever their scientific sophistication, calendars must ultimately be judged as social contracts, not as scientific treatises. According to a recent estimate (Fraser, 1987), there are about forty calendars used in the world today. This chapter is limited to the half-dozen principal calendars in current use. Furthermore, the emphasis of the chapter is on function and calculation rather than on culture. The fundamental bases of the calendars are given, along with brief historical summaries. Although algorithms are given for correlating these systems, close examination reveals that even the standard calendars are subject to local variation. With the exception of the Julian calendar, this chapter does not deal with extinct systems. Inclusion of the Julian calendar is justified by its everyday use in historical studies. Despite a vast literature on calendars, truly authoritative references, particularly in English, are difficult to find. Aveni (1989) surveys a broad variety of calendrical systems, stressing their cultural contexts rather than their operational details. Parise (1982) provides useful, though not infallible, tables for date conversion. Fotheringham (1935) and the

(1910), in its section on "Calendars," offer basic information on historical calendars. The sections on "Calendars" and "Chronology" in all editions of the

Provide useful historical surveys. Ginzel (1906) remains an authoritative, if dated, standard of calendrical scholarship. References on individual calendars are given in the relevant sections.

The principal astronomical cycles are the day (based on the rotation of the Earth on its axis), the year (based on the revolution of the Earth around the Sun), and the month (based on the revolution of the Moon around the Earth). The complexity of calendars arises because these cycles of revolution do not comprise an integral number of days, and because astronomical cycles are neither constant nor perfectly commensurable with each other, The

The mean interval between conjunctions of the Moon and Sun, corresponds to the cycle of lunar phases. The following expression for the synodic month is based on the lunar theory of Chapront-Touze' and Chapront (1988). us. + us. T - 3.64E-10 T^2 [days]. Again T = (JD - us. )/36525 and JD is the Julian day number. Any particular phase cycle may vary from the mean by up to seven hours. In the preceding formulas, T is measured in Julian centuries of Terrestrial Dynamical Time (TDT), which is independent of the variable rotation of the Earth. Thus, the lengths of the tropical year and synodic month are here defined in days of 86400 seconds of International Atomic Time (TAI). From these formulas we see that the cycles change slowly with time. Furthermore, the formulas should not be considered to be absolute facts. they are the best approximations possible today. Therefore, a calendar year of an integral number of days cannot be perfectly synchronized to the tropical year. Approximate synchronization of calendar months with the lunar phases requires a complex sequence of months of 29 and 30 days. For convenience it is common to speak of a lunar year of twelve synodic months, or us. days. Three distinct types of calendars have resulted from this situation. A

Of which the Gregorian calendar in its civil usage is an example, is designed to maintain synchrony with the tropical year. To do so, days are intercalated (forming leap years) to increase the average length of the calendar year. A

Such as the Islamic calendar, follows the lunar phase cycle without regard for the tropical year. Thus the months of the Islamic calendar systematically shift with respect to the months of the Gregorian calendar. The third type of calendar, the

Has a sequence of months based on the lunar phase cycle. but every few years a whole month is intercalated to bring the calendar back in phase with the tropical year. The Hebrew and Chinese calendars are examples of this type of calendar.

In most societies a calendar reform is an extraordinary event. Adoption of a calendar depends on the forcefulness with which it is introduced and on the willingness of society to accept it. For example, the acceptance of the Gregorian calendar as a worldwide standard spanned more than three centuries. The legal code of the United States does not specify an official national calendar. Use of the Gregorian calendar in the United States stems from an Act of Parliament of the United Kingdom in 1751, which specified use of the Gregorian calendar in England and its colonies. However, its adoption in the United Kingdom and other countries was fraught with confusion, controversy, and even violence (Bates, 1952. Gingerich, 1983. Hoskin, 1983). It also had a deeper cultural impact through the disruption of traditional festivals and calendrical practices (MacNeill, 1982). Because calendars are created to serve societal needs, the question of a calendar's accuracy is usually misleading or misguided. A calendar that is based on a fixed set of rules is accurate if the rules are consistently applied. For calendars that attempt to replicate astronomical cycles, one can ask how accurately the cycles are replicated. However, astronomical cycles are not absolutely constant, and they are not known exactly. In the long term, only a purely observational calendar maintains synchrony with astronomical phenomena. However, an observational calendar exhibits short-term uncertainty, because the natural phenomena are complex and the observations are subject to error.

The calendars treated in this chapter, except for the Chinese calendar, have counts of years from initial epochs. In the case of the Chinese calendar and some calendars not included here, years are counted in cycles, with no particular cycle specified as the first cycle. Some cultures eschew year counts altogether but name each year after an event that characterized the year. However, a count of years from an initial epoch is the most successful way of maintaining a consistent chronology. Whether this epoch is associated with an historical or legendary event, it must be tied to a sequence of recorded historical events. This is illustrated by the adoption of the birth of Christ as the initial epoch of the Christian calendar. This epoch was established by the sixth-century scholar Dionysius Exiguus, who was compiling a table of dates of Easter. An existing table covered the nineteen-year period denoted us., where years were counted from the beginning of the reign of the Roman emperor Diocletian. Dionysius continued the table for a nineteen-year period, which he designated Anni Domini Nostri Jesu Christi us. Thus, Dionysius' Anno Domini 532 is equivalent to Anno Diocletian 248. In this way a correspondence was established between the new Christian Era and an existing system associated with historical records. What Dionysius did not do is establish an accurate date for the birth of Christ. Although scholars generally believe that Christ was born some years before A. D. 1, the historical evidence is too sketchy to allow a definitive dating. Given an initial epoch, one must consider how to record preceding dates. Bede, the eighth-century English historian, began the practice of counting years backward from A. D. 1 (see Colgrave and Mynors, 1969). In this system, the year A. D. 1 is preceded by the year 1 B. C., without an intervening year 0. Because of the numerical discontinuity, this "historical" system is cumbersome for comparing ancient and modern dates. Today, astronomers use +1 to designate A. D. 1. Then +1 is naturally preceded by year 0, which is preceded by year -1. Since the use of negative numbers developed slowly in Europe, this "astronomical" system of dating was delayed until the eighteenth century, when it was introduced by the astronomer Jacques Cassini (Cassini, 1740). Even as use of Dionysius' Christian Era became common in ecclesiastical writings of the Middle Ages, traditional dating from regnal years continued in civil use. In the sixteenth century, Joseph Justus Scaliger tried to resolve the patchwork of historical eras by placing everything on a single system (Scaliger, 1583). Instead of introducing negative year counts, he sought an initial epoch in advance of any historical record. His numerological approach utilized three calendrical cycles. the 28-year solar cycle, the nineteen-year cycle of Golden Numbers, and the fifteen-year indiction cycle. The solar cycle is the period after which weekdays and calendar dates repeat in the Julian calendar. The cycle of Golden Numbers is the period after which moon phases repeat (approximately) on the same calendar dates. The indiction cycle was a Roman tax cycle. Scaliger could therefore characterize a year by the combination of numbers (S, G,I), where S runs from 1 through 28, G from 1 through 19, and I from 1 through 15. Scaliger noted that a given combination would recur after 7980 (= 28*19*15) years. He called this a Julian Period, because it was based on the Julian calendar year. For his initial epoch Scaliger chose the year in which S, G, and I were all equal to 1. He knew that the year 1 B. C. was characterized by the number 9 of the solar cycle, by the Golden Number 1, and by the number 3 of the indiction cycle, i. e., (9,1,3). He found that the combination (1,1,1) occurred in 4713 B. C. or, as astronomers now say, -4712. This serves as year 1 of Scaliger's Julian Period. It was later adopted as the initial epoch for the Julian day numbers.

The Gregorian calendar today serves as an international standard for civil use. In addition, it regulates the ceremonial cycle of the Roman Catholic and Protestant churches. In fact, its original purpose was ecclesiastical. Although a variety of other calendars are in use today, they are restricted to particular religions or cultures.

As a result the year 2000 is a leap year, whereas 1900 and 2100 are not leap years. These rules can be applied to times prior to the Gregorian reform to create a proleptic Gregorian calendar. In this case, year 0 (1 B. C.) is considered to be exactly divisible by 4, 100, and 400. hence it is a leap year. The Gregorian calendar is thus based on a cycle of 400 years, which comprises 146097 days. Since 146097 is evenly divisible by 7, the Gregorian civil calendar exactly repeats after 400 years. Dividing 146097 by 400 yields an average length of us. days per calendar year, which is a close approximation to the length of the tropical year. Comparison with Equation 1.1-1 reveals that the Gregorian calendar accumulates an error of one day in about 2500 years. Although various adjustments to the leap-year system have been proposed, none has been instituted. Within each year, dates are specified according to the count of days from the beginning of the month. The order of months and number of days per month were adopted from the Julian calendar.

The ecclesiastical calendars of Christian churches are based on cycles of movable and immovable feasts. Christmas is the principal immovable feast, with its date set at December 25. Easter is the principal movable feast, and dates of most other movable feasts are determined with respect to Easter. However, the movable feasts of the Advent and Epiphany seasons are Sundays reckoned from Christmas and the Feast of the Epiphany, respectively. In the Gregorian calendar, the date of Easter is defined to occur on the Sunday following the ecclesiastical Full Moon that falls on or next after March 21. This should not be confused with the popular notion that Easter is the first Sunday after the first Full Moon following the vernal equinox. In the first place, the vernal equinox does not necessarily occur on March 21. In addition, the ecclesiastical Full Moon is not the astronomical Full Moon -- it is based on tables that do not take into account the full complexity of lunar motion. As a result, the date of an ecclesiastical Full Moon may differ from that of the true Full Moon. However, the Gregorian system of leap years and lunar tables does prevent progressive departure of the tabulated data from the astronomical phenomena. The ecclesiastical Full Moon is defined as the fourteenth day of a tabular lunation, where day 1 corresponds to the ecclesiastical New Moon. The tables are based on the Metonic cycle, in which 235 mean synodic months occur in us. days. Since nineteen Gregorian years is us. days, the dates of Moon phases in a given year will recur on nearly the same dates nineteen years laters. To prevent the 0.08 day difference between the cycles from accumulating, the tables incorporate adjustments to synchronize the system over longer periods of time. Additional complications arise because the tabular lunations are of 29 or 30 integral days. The entire system comprises a period of us. years of us. days, which is equated to us. lunations. After this period, the dates of Easter repeat themselves. The following algorithm for computing the date of Easter is based on the algorithm of Oudin (1940). It is valid for any Gregorian year, Y. All variables are integers and the remainders of all divisions are dropped. The final date is given by M, the month, and D, the day of the month.

The Gregorian calendar resulted from a perceived need to reform the method of calculating dates of Easter. Under the Julian calendar the dating of Easter had become standardized, using March 21 as the date of the equinox and the Metonic cycle as the basis for calculating lunar phases. By the thirteenth century it was realized that the true equinox had regressed from March 21 (its supposed date at the time of the Council of Nicea, +325) to a date earlier in the month. As a result, Easter was drifting away from its springtime position and was losing its relation with the Jewish Passover. Over the next four centuries, scholars debated the "correct" time for celebrating Easter and the means of regulating this time calendrically. The Church made intermittent attempts to solve the Easter question, without reaching a consensus. By the sixteenth century the equinox had shifted by ten days, and astronomical New Moons were occurring four days before ecclesiastical New Moons. At the behest of the Council of Trent, Pope Pius V introduced a new Breviary in 1568 and Missal in 1570, both of which included adjustments to the lunar tables and the leap-year system. Pope Gregory XIII, who succeeded Pope Pius in 1572, soon convened a commission to consider reform of the calendar, since he considered his predecessor's measures inadequate. The recommendations of Pope Gregory's calendar commission were instituted by the papal bull "Inter Gravissimus," signed on 1582 February 24. Ten days were deleted from the calendar, so that 1582 October 4 was followed by 1582 October 15, thereby causing the vernal equinox of 1583 and subsequent years to occur about March 21. And a new table of New Moons and Full Moons was introduced for determining the date of Easter. Subject to the logistical problems of communication and governance in the sixteenth century, the new calendar was promulgated through the Roman-Catholic world. Protestant states initially rejected the calendar, but gradually accepted it over the coming centuries. The Eastern Orthodox churches rejected the new calendar and continued to use the Julian calendar with traditional lunar tables for calculating Easter. Because the purpose of the Gregorian calendar was to regulate the cycle of Christian holidays, its acceptance in the non-Christian world was initially not at issue. But as international communications developed, the civil rules of the Gregorian calendar were gradually adopted around the world. Anyone seriously interested in the Gregorian calendar should study the collection of papers resulting from a conference sponsored by the Vatican to commemorate the four-hundredth anniversary of the Gregorian Reform (Coyne et al., 1983).

As it exists today, the Hebrew calendar is a lunisolar calendar that is based on calculation rather than observation. This calendar is the official calendar of Israel and is the liturgical calendar of the Jewish faith. In principle the beginning of each month is determined by a tabular New Moon (

Years are counted from the Era of Creation, or Era Mundi, which corresponds to -3760 October 7 on the Julian proleptic calendar. Each year consists of twelve or thirteen months, with months consisting of 29 or 30 days. An intercalary month is introduced in years 3, 6, 8, 11, 14, 17, and 19 in a nineteen-year cycle of 235 lunations. The initial year of the calendar, A. M. (Anno Mundi) 1, is year 1 of the nineteen-year cycle. The calendar for a given year is established by determining the day of the week of Tishri 1 (first day of Rosh Hashanah or New Year's Day) and the number of days in the year. Years are classified according to the number of days in the year (see Table 3.1.1).

Is 3 1/3 seconds. (Terminology is explained in Table 3.1.3.) Calendrical calculations are referred to the meridian of Jerusalem -- 2 hours 21 minutes east of Greenwich. Rules for constructing the Hebrew calendar are given in the sections that follow. Cohen (1981), Resnikoff (1943), and Spier (1952) provide reliable guides to the rules of calculation.

The calendar year begins with the first day of Rosh Hashanah (Tishri 1). This is determined by the day of the Tishri

(i. e., 11.11.20 P. M. on Sunday, -3760 October 6, Julian proleptic calendar). The adopted value of the mean lunation is 29 days, 12 hours, 793

The codified Hebrew calendar as we know it today is generally considered to date from A. M. 4119 (+359), though the exact date is uncertain. At that time the patriarch Hillel II, breaking with tradition, disseminated rules for calculating the calendar. Prior to that time the calendar was regarded as a secret science of the religious authorities. The exact details of Hillel's calendar have not come down to us, but it is generally considered to include rules for intercalation over nineteen-year cycles. Up to the tenth century A. D., however, there was disagreement about the proper years for intercalation and the initial epoch for reckoning years. Information on calendrical practices prior to Hillel is fragmentary and often contradictory. The earliest evidence indicates a calendar based on observations of Moon phases. Since the Bible mentions seasonal festivals, there must have been intercalation. There was likely an evolution of conflicting calendrical practices. The Babylonian exile, in the first half of the sixth century B. C., greatly influenced the Hebrew calendar. This is visible today in the names of the months. The Babylonian influence may also have led to the practice of intercalating leap months. During the period of the Sanhedrin, a committee of the Sanhedrin met to evaluate reports of sightings of the lunar crescent. If sightings were not possible, the new month was begun 30 days after the beginning of the previous month. Decisions on intercalation were influenced, if not determined entirely, by the state of vegetation and animal life. Although eight-year, nineteen-year, and longer- period intercalation cycles may have been instituted at various times prior to Hillel II, there is little evidence that they were employed consistently over long time spans.

The Islamic calendar is a purely lunar calendar in which months correspond to the lunar phase cycle. As a result, the cycle of twelve lunar months regresses through the seasons over a period of about 33 years. For religious purposes, Muslims begin the months with the first visibility of the lunar crescent after conjunction. For civil purposes a tabulated calendar that approximates the lunar phase cycle is often used. The seven-day week is observed with each day beginning at sunset. Weekdays are specified by number, with day 1 beginning at sunset on Saturday and ending at sunset on Sunday. Day 5, which is called Jum'a, is the day for congregational prayers. Unlike the Sabbath days of the Christians and Jews, however, Jum'a is not a day of rest. Jum'a begins at sunset on Thursday and ends at sunset on Friday. [Erratum. It appears that Doggett should have stated that Jum'a is Day 6, not Day 5.]

Years of twelve lunar months are reckoned from the Era of the Hijra, commemorating the migration of the Prophet and his followers from Mecca to Medina. This epoch, 1 A. H. (Anno Higerae) Muharram 1, is generally taken by astronomers (Neugebauer, 1975) to be Thursday, +622 July 15 (Julian calendar). This is called the astronomical Hijra epoch. Chronological tables (e. g., Mayr and Spuler, 1961. Freeman-Grenville, 1963) generally use Friday, July 16, which is designated the civil epoch. In both cases the Islamic day begins at sunset of the previous day. For religious purposes, each month begins in principle with the first sighting of the lunar crescent after the New Moon. This is particularly important for establishing the beginning and end of Ramadan. Because of uncertainties due to weather, however, a new month may be declared thirty days after the beginning of the preceding month. Although various predictive procedures have been used for determining first visibility, they have always had an equivocal status. In practice, there is disagreement among countries, religious leaders, and scientists about whether to rely on observations, which are subject to error, or to use calculations, which may be based on poor models. Chronologists employ a thirty-year cyclic calendar in studying Islamic history. In this tabular calendar, there are eleven leap years in the thirty-year cycle. Odd-numbered months have thirty days and even-numbered months have twenty-nine days, with a thirtieth day added to the twelfth month, Dhu al-Hijjah (see Table 4.1.1). Years 2, 5, 7, 10, 13, 16, 18, 21, 24, 26, and 29 of the cycle are designated leap years. This type of calendar is also used as a civil calendar in some Muslim countries, though other years are sometimes used as leap years. The mean length of the month of the thirty-year tabular calendar is about 2.9 seconds less than the synodic period of the Moon.

The form of the Islamic calendar, as a lunar calendar without intercalation, was laid down by the Prophet in the Qur'an (Sura IX, verse 36-37) and in his sermon at the Farewell Pilgrimage. This was a departure from the lunisolar calendar commonly used in the Arab world, in which months were based on first sightings of the lunar crescent, but an intercalary month was added as deemed necessary. Caliph 'Umar I is credited with establishing the Hijra Era in A. H. 17. It is not known how the initial date was determined. However, calculations show that the astronomical New Moon (i. e., conjunction) occurred on +622 July 14 at 0444 UT (assuming delta-T = 1.0 hour), so that sighting of the crescent most likely occurred on the evening of July 16.

As a result of a calendar reform in A. D. 1957, the National Calendar of India is a formalized lunisolar calendar in which leap years coincide with those of the Gregorian calendar (Calendar Reform Committee, 1957). However, the initial epoch is the Saka Era, a traditional epoch of Indian chronology. Months are named after the traditional Indian months and are offset from the beginning of Gregorian months (see Table 5.1.1). In addition to establishing a civil calendar, the Calendar Reform Committee set guidelines for religious calendars, which require calculations of the motions of the Sun and Moon. Tabulations of the religious holidays are prepared by the India Meteorological Department and published annually in

Despite the attempt to establish a unified calendar for all of India, many local variations exist. The Gregorian calendar continues in use for administrative purposes, and holidays are still determined according to regional, religious, and ethnic traditions (Chatterjee, 1987).

Years are counted from the Saka Era. 1 Saka is considered to begin with the vernal equinox of A. D. 79. The reformed Indian calendar began with Saka Era 1879, Caitra 1, which corresponds to A. D. 1957 March 22. Normal years have 365 days. leap years have 366. In a leap year, an intercalary day is added to the end of Caitra. To determine leap years, first add 78 to the Saka year. If this sum is evenly divisible by 4, the year is a leap year, unless the sum is a multiple of 100. In the latter case, the year is not a leap year unless the sum is also a multiple of 400. Table 5.1.1 gives the sequence of months and their correlation with the months of the Gregorian calendar.

Religious holidays are determined by a lunisolar calendar that is based on calculations of the actual postions of the Sun and Moon. Most holidays occur on specified lunar dates (

), as is explained later. a few occur on specified solar dates. The calendrical methods presented here are those recommended by the Calendar Reform Committee (1957). They serve as the basis for the calendar published in

However, many local calendar makers continue to use traditional astronomical concepts and formulas, some of which date back 1500 years. The Calendar Reform Committee attempted to reconcile traditional calendrical practices with modern astronomical concepts. According to their proposals, precession is accounted for and calculations of solar and lunar position are based on accurate modern methods. All astronomical calculations are performed with respect to a Central Station at longitude 82o30' East, latitude 23o11' North. For religious purposes solar days are reckoned from sunrise to sunrise. A solar month is defined as the interval required for the Sun's apparent longitude to increase by 30o, corresponding to the passage of the Sun through a zodiacal sign (

Months occur every two or three years following patterns described by the Metonic cycle or more complex lunar phase cycles. More rarely, a year will occur in which a short solar month will pass without having a New Moon. In that case, the name of the solar month does not occur in the calendar for that year. Such a decayed (

The history of calendars in India is a remarkably complex subject owing to the continuity of Indian civilization and to the diversity of cultural influences. In the mid-1950s, when the Calendar Reform Committee made its survey, there were about 30 calendars in use for setting religious festivals for Hindus, Buddhists, and Jainists. Some of these were also used for civil dating. These calendars were based on common principles, though they had local characteristics determined by long-established customs and the astronomical practices of local calendar makers. In addition, Muslims in India used the Islamic calendar, and the Indian government used the Gregorian calendar for administrative purposes. Early allusions to a lunisolar calendar with intercalated months are found in the hymns from the Rig Veda, dating from the second millennium B. C. Literature from 1300 B. C. to A. D. 300, provides information of a more specific nature. A five-year lunisolar calendar coordinated solar years with synodic and sidereal lunar months. Indian astronomy underwent a general reform in the first few centuries A. D., as advances in Babylonian and Greek astronomy became known. New astronomical constants and models for the motion of the Moon and Sun were adapted to traditional calendric practices. This was conveyed in astronomical treatises of this period known as

Which originated in the fourth century but was updated over the following centuries, influenced Indian calendrics up to and even after the calendar reform of A. D. 1957. Pingree (1978) provides a survey of the development of mathematical astronomy in India. Although he does not deal explicitly with calendrics, this material is necessary for a full understanding of the history of India's calendars.

The Chinese calendar is a lunisolar calendar based on calculations of the positions of the Sun and Moon. Months of 29 or 30 days begin on days of astronomical New Moons, with an intercalary month being added every two or three years. Since the calendar is based on the true positions of the Sun and Moon, the accuracy of the calendar depends on the accuracy of the astronomical theories and calculations. Although the Gregorian calendar is used in the Peoples' Republic of China for administrative purposes, the traditional Chinese calendar is used for setting traditional festivals and for timing agricultural activities in the countryside. The Chinese calendar is also used by Chinese communities around the world.

There is no specific initial epoch for counting years. In historical records, dates were specified by counts of days and years in sexagenary cycles and by counts of years from a succession of eras established by reigning monarchs. The sixty-year cycle consists of a set of year names that are created by pairing a name from a list of ten Celestial Stems with a name from a list of twelve Terrestrial Branches, following the order specified in Table 6.1.1. The Celestial Stems are specified by Chinese characters that have no English translation. the Terrestrial Branches are named after twelve animals. After six repetitions of the set of stems and five repetitions of the branches, a complete cycle of pairs is completed and a new cycle begins. The initial year (jia-zi) of the current cycle began on 1984 February 2. Days are measured from midnight to midnight. The first day of a calendar month is the day on which the astronomical New Moon (i. e., conjunction) is calculated to occur. Since the average interval between successive New Moons is approximately 29.53 days, months are 29 or 30 days long. Months are specified by number from 1 to 12. When an intercalary month is added, it bears the number of the previous month, but is designated as intercalary. An ordinary year of twelve months is 353, 354, or 355 days in length. a leap year of thirteen months is 383, 384, or 385 days long. The conditions for adding an intercalary month are determined by the occurrence of the New Moon with respect to divisions of the tropical year. The tropical year is divided into 24 solar terms, in 15o segments of solar longitude. These divisions are paired into twelve Sectional Terms (

), as shown in Table 6.1.2. These terms are numbered and assigned names that are seasonal or meteorological in nature. For convenience here, the Sectional and Principal Terms are denoted by S and P, respectively, followed by the number. Because of the ellipticity of the Earth's orbit, the interval between solar terms varies with the seasons. Reference works give a variety of rules for establishing New Year's Day and for intercalation in the lunisolar calendar. Since the calendar was originally based on the assumption that the Sun's motion was uniform through the seasons, the published rules are frequently inadequate to handle special cases. The following rules (Liu and Stephenson, in press) are currently used as the basis for calendars prepared by the Purple Mountain Observatory (1984). (1) The first day of the month is the day on which the New Moon occurs. (2) An ordinary year has twelve lunar months. an intercalary year has thirteen lunar months. (3) The Winter Solstice (term P-11) always falls in month 11. (4) In an intercalary year, a month in which there is no Principal Term is the intercalary month. It is assigned the number of the preceding month, with the further designation of intercalary. If two months of an intercalary year contain no Principal Term, only the first such month after the Winter Solstice is considered intercalary. (5) Calculations are based on the meridian 120o East. The number of the month usually corresponds to the number of the Principal Term occurring during the month. In rare instances, however, there are months that have two Principal Terms, with the result that a nonintercalary month will have no Principal Term. As a result the numbers of the months will temporarily fail to correspond to the numbers of the Principal Terms. These cases can be resolved by strictly applying rules 2 and 3.

In general, the first step in calculating the Chinese calendar is to check for the existence of an intercalary year. This can be done by determining the dates of Winter Solstice and month 11 before and after the period of interest, and then by counting the intervening New Moons. Published calendrical tables are often in disagreement about the Chinese calendar. Some of the tables are based on mean, or at least simplified, motions of the Sun and Moon. Some are calculated for other meridians than 120o East. Some incorporate a rule that the eleventh, twelfth, and first months are never followed by an intercalary month. This is sometimes not stated as a rule, but as a consequence of the rapid change in the Sun's longitude when the Earth is near perihelion. However, this statement is incorrect when the motions of the Sun and Moon are accurately calculated.

In China the calendar was a sacred document, spopnsored and promulgated by the reigning monarch. For more than two millennia, a Bureau of Astronomy made astronomical observations, calculated astronomical events such as eclipses, prepared astrological predictions, and maintained the calendar (Needham, 1959). After all, a successful calendar not only served practical needs, but also confirmed the consonance between Heaven and the imperial court. Analysis of surviving astronomical records inscribed on oracle bones reveals a Chinese lunisolar calendar, with intercalation of lunar months, dating back to the Shang dynasty of the fourteenth century B. C. Various intercalation schemes were developed for the early calendars, including the nineteen-year and 76-year lunar phase cycles that came to be known in the West as the Metonic cycle and Callipic cycle. From the earliest records, the beginning of the year occurred at a New Moon near the winter solstice. The choice of month for beginning the civil year varied with time and place, however. In the late second century B. C., a calendar reform established the practice, which continues today, of requiring the winter solstice to occur in month 11. This reform also introduced the intercalation system in which dates of New Moons are compared with the 24 solar terms. However, calculations were based on the mean motions resulting from the cyclic relationships. Inequalities in the Moon's motions were incorporated as early as the seventh century A. D. (Sivin, 1969), but the Sun's mean longitude was used for calculating the solar terms until 1644 (Liu and Stephenson, in press). Years were counted from a succession of eras established by reigning emperors. Although the accession of an emperor would mark a new era, an emperor might also declare a new era at various times within his reign. The introduction of a new era was an attempt to reestablish a broken connection between Heaven and Earth, as personified by the emperor. The break might be revealed by the death of an emperor, the occurrence of a natural disaster, or the failure of astronomers to predict a celestial event such as an eclipse. In the latter case, a new era might mark the introduction of new astronomical or calendrical models. Sexagenary cycles were used to count years, months, days, and fractions of a day using the set of Celestial Stems and Terrestrial Branches described in Section 6.1. Use of the sixty-day cycle is seen in the earliest astronomical records. By contrast the sixty-year cycle was introduced in the first century A. D. or possibly a century earlier (Tung, 1960. Needham, 1959). Although the day count has fallen into disuse in everyday life, it is still tabulated in calendars. The initial year (jia-zi) of the current year cycle began on 1984 February 2, which is the third day (bing-yin) of the day cycle. Western (pre-Copernican) astronomical theories were introduced to China by Jesuit missionaries in the seventeenth century. Gradually, more modern Western concepts became known. Following the revolution of 1911, the traditional practice of counting years from the accession of an emperor was abolished.

The Julian calendar, introduced by Juliius Caesar in -45, was a solar calendar with months of fixed lengths. Every fourth year an intercalary day was added to maintain synchrony between the calendar year and the tropical year. It served as a standard for European civilization until the Gregorian Reform of +1582. Today the principles of the Julian calendar continue to be used by chronologists. The Julian proleptic calendar is formed by applying the rules of the Julian calendar to times before Caesar's reform. This provides a simple chronological system for correlating other calendars and serves as the basis for the Julian day numbers.

Years are classified as normal years of 365 days and leap years of 366 days. Leap years occur in years that are evenly divisible by 4. For this purpose, year 0 (or 1 B. C.) is considered evenly divisible by 4. The year is divided into twelve formalized months that were eventually adopted for the Gregorian calendar.

The year -45 has been called the "year of confusion," because in that year Julius Caesar inserted 90 days to bring the months of the Roman calendar back to their traditional place with respect to the seasons. This was Caesar's first step in replacing a calendar that had gone badly awry. Although the pre-Julian calendar was lunisolar in inspiration, its months no longer followed the lunar phases and its year had lost step with the cycle of seasons (see Michels, 1967. Bickerman, 1974). Following the advice of Sosigenes, an Alexandrine astronomer, Caesar created a solar calendar with twelve months of fixed lengths and a provision for an intercalary day to be added every fourth year. As a result, the average length of the Julian calendar year was 365.25 days. This is consistent with the length of the tropical year as it was known at the time. Following Caesar's death, the Roman calendrical authorities misapplied the leap-year rule, with the result that every third, rather than every fourth, year was intercalary. Although detailed evidence is lacking, it is generally believed that Emperor Augustus corrected the situation by omitting intercalation from the Julian years -8 through +4. After this the Julian calendar finally began to function as planned. Through the Middle Ages the use of the Julian calendar evolved and acquired local peculiarities that continue to snare the unwary historian. There were variations in the initial epoch for counting years, the date for beginning the year, and the method of specifying the day of the month. Not only did these vary with time and place, but also with purpose. Different conventions were sometimes used for dating ecclesiastical records, fiscal transactions, and personal correspondence. Caesar designated January 1 as the beginning of the year. However, other conventions flourished at different times and places. The most popular alternatives were March 1, March 25, and December 25. This continues to cause problems for historians, since, for example, +998 February 28 as recorded in a city that began its year on March 1, would be the same day as +999 February 28 of a city that began the year on January 1. Days within the month were originally counted from designated division points within the month. Kalends, Nones, and Ides. The Kalends is the first day of the month. The Ides is the thirteenth of the month, except in March, May, July, and October, when it is the fifteenth day. The Nones is always eight days before the Ides (see Table 8.2.1). Dates falling between these division points are designated by counting inclusively backward from the upcoming division point. Intercalation was performed by repeating the day VI Kalends March, i. e., inserting a day between VI Kalends March (February 24) and VII Kalends March (February 23). By the eleventh century, consecutive counting of days from the beginning of the month came into use. Local variations continued, however, including counts of days from dates that commemorated local saints. The inauguration and spread of the Gregorian calendar resulted in the adoption of a uniform standard for recording dates. Cappelli (1930), Grotefend and Grotefend (1941), and Cheney (1945) offer guidance through the maze of medieval dating.

Print a monthly or a yearly calendar using your own photo for any month or year. Free demo or only $1 if you like your printed calendar. Choose portrait or landscape style, photo border, text under photo, and more!

This calendar never expires because it doesn't list any holidays or days of the week. Good for recording daily temps, other vitals, birthdays, etc. Remember your anniversary this year and you won't have to sleep on the couch!

Use Up/Down scroll buttons to specify the 100-year span of the calendar, and then print! You will easily be able to view the monthly calendar for any year month for 100 years - without a computer!

Our first 10,000-Year Calendar! Use this chart to determine the day-of-week for any date in the years 1 to 10000! Not as easy to use as the 100-year calendar, but not difficult either.

Created as an Excel spreadsheet, this calendar has fourteen whole-year calendars A through N and a chart showing which years 1882 through 2101 go to which letter. The print is small yet readable printed 8.5 x 11, but this was really made to print as a poster. If you don't have access to a printer that will print poster size you may want to take the .xls file to your local print shop.

This may be the most accurate day-of-week calculator on the web! Just indicate a date and our calculator will instantly tell you the day of week for that date. Handles many different calendar systems and complications for any year 1 to 9999.

The schedule of our lives is shaped by the movements of the earth, moon, and sun. In ancient Rome, a priest observed the sky and announced a new moon cycle to the king. For centuries afterward, Romans referred to the first day of each new month as Kalends (from their word calare, which means "to proclaim). The word calendar derived from this custom.

Wouldn't it be great to be able to keep track of all the events in your life, coordinate schedules with friends and family, and find new things to do -- all with one online calendar? We thought so, too. Learn More

Seeing the big picture With Google Calendar, you can see your friends' and family's schedules right next to your own. quickly add events mentioned in Gmail conversations or saved in other calendar applications. and add other interesting events that you find online.

Sharing events and calendars You decide who can see your calendar and which details they can view. Planning an event? You can create invitations, send reminders and keep track of RSVPs right inside Google Calendar. Organizations can promote events, too.

Staying on schedule You can set up automatic event reminders, including mobile phone notifications, and instantly bring up anything on your calendar with the built-in search tool.

A calendar is a system of organizing days for a social, religious, commercial or administrative purpose. This organization is done by giving names to periods of time – typically days, weeks, months and years. The name given to each day is known as a date. Periods in a calendar (such as years and months) are usually, though not necessarily, synchronized with the cycles of some astronomical phenomenon, such as the cycle of the sun, or the moon. Many civilizations and societies have devised a calendar, usually derived from other calendars on which they model their systems, suited to their particular needs. A calendar is also a physical device (often paper). This is the most common usage of the word. Other similar types of calendars can include computerized systems, which can be set to remind the user of upcoming events and appointments. As a subset, calendar is also used to denote a list of particular set of planned events (for example, court calendar). The English word calendar is derived from the Latin word kalendae, which was the Latin name of the first day of every month.

A full calendar system has a different calendar date for every day. Thus the week cycle is by itself not a full calendar system. neither is a system to name the days within a year without a system for identifying the years. The simplest calendar system just counts time periods from a reference date. This applies for the Julian day. Virtually the only possible variation is using a different reference date, in particular one less distant in the past to make the numbers smaller. Computations in these systems are just a matter of addition and subtraction. Other calendars have one (or multiple) larger units of time. Calendars that contain one level of cycles.

Year, month, and day – most systems, including the Gregorian calendar (and its very similar predecessor, the Julian calendar), the Islamic calendar, and the Hebrew calendar

A lunar calendar is synchronized to the motion of the Moon (lunar phases). an example is the Islamic calendar.

A solar calendar is based on perceived seasonal changes synchronized to the apparent motion of the Sun. an example is the Persian calendar.

There are some calendars that appear to be synchronized to the motion of Venus, such as some of the ancient Egyptian calendars. synchronization to Venus appears to occur primarily in civilizations near the Equator.

Very commonly a calendar includes more than one type of cycle, or has both cyclic and acyclic elements. A lunisolar calendar is synchronized both to the motion of the moon and to the apparent motion of the sun. an example is the Hebrew calendar. Many calendars incorporate simpler calendars as elements. For example, the rules of the Hebrew calendar depend on the seven-day week cycle (a very simple calendar), so the week is one of the cycles of the Hebrew calendar. It is also common to operate two calendars simultaneously, usually providing unrelated cycles, and the result may also be considered a more complex calendar. For example, the Gregorian calendar has no inherent dependence on the seven-day week, but in Western society the two are used together, and calendar tools indicate both the Gregorian date and the day of week.

The week cycle is shared by various calendar systems (although the significance of special days such as Friday, Saturday, and Sunday varies). Systems of leap days usually do not affect the week cycle. The week cycle was not even interrupted when 10, 11, 12, or 13 dates were skipped when the Julian calendar was replaced by the Gregorian calendar by various countries.

Solar calendars assign a date to each solar day. A day may consist of the period between sunrise and sunset, with a following period of night, or it may be a period between successive events such as two sunsets. The length of the interval between two such successive events may be allowed to vary slightly during the year, or it may be averaged into a mean solar day. Other types of calendar may also use a solar day.

There have been a number of proposals for reform of the calendar, such as the World Calendar, International Fixed Calendar and Holocene calendar. The United Nations considered adopting such a reformed calendar for a while in the 1950s, but these proposals have lost most of their popularity.

Not all calendars use the solar year as a unit. A lunar calendar is one in which days are numbered within each lunar phase cycle. Because the length of the lunar month is not an even fraction of the length of the tropical year, a purely lunar calendar quickly drifts against the seasons, which don't vary much near the equator. It does, however, stay constant with respect to other phenomena, notably tides. An example is the Islamic calendar. A lunisolar calendar is a lunar calendar that compensates by adding an extra month as needed to realign the months with the seasons. An example is the Hebrew calendar which uses a 19-year cycle. Lunar calendars are believed to be the oldest calendars invented by mankind. Cro-Magnon people are claimed to have invented one around 32,000 BC.

Nearly all calendar systems group consecutive days into "months" and also into "years". In a solar calendar a year approximates Earth's tropical year (that is, the time it takes for a complete cycle of seasons), traditionally used to facilitate the planning of agricultural activities. In a lunar calendar, the month approximates the cycle of the moon phase. Consecutive days may be grouped into other periods such as the week. Because the number of days in the tropical year is not a whole number, a solar calendar must have a different number of days in different years. This may be handled, for example, by adding an extra day (29 February) in leap years. The same applies to months in a lunar calendar and also the number of months in a year in a lunisolar calendar. This is generally known as intercalation. Even if a calendar is solar, but not lunar, the year cannot be divided entirely into months that never vary in length. Cultures may define other units of time, such as the week, for the purpose of scheduling regular activities that do not easily coincide with months or years. Many cultures use different baselines for their calendars' starting years. For example, the year in Japan is based on the reign of the current emperor. 2006 was Year 18 of the Emperor Akihito. See Decade, Century, Millennium

An astronomical calendar is based on ongoing observation. examples are the religious Islamic calendar and the old religious Jewish calendar in the time of the Second Temple. Such a calendar is also referred to as an observation-based calendar. The advantage of such a calendar is that it is perfectly and perpetually accurate. The disadvantage is that working out when a particular date would occur is difficult. An arithmetic calendar is one that is based on a strict set of rules. an example is the current Jewish calendar. Such a calendar is also referred to as a rule-based calendar. The advantage of such a calendar is the ease of calculating when a particular date occurs. The disadvantage is imperfect accuracy. Furthermore, even if the calendar is very accurate, its accuracy diminishes slowly over time, owing to changes in Earth's rotation. This limits the lifetime of an accurate arithmetic calendar to a few thousand years. After then, the rules would need to be modified from observations made since the invention of the calendar.

Calendars may be either complete or incomplete. Complete calendars provide a way of naming each consecutive day, while incomplete calendars do not. The early Roman calendar, which had no way of designating the days of the winter months other than to lump them together as "winter", is an example of an incomplete calendar, while the Gregorian calendar is an example of a complete calendar.

The primary practical use of a calendar is to identify days. to be informed about and/or to agree on a future event and to record an event that has happened. Days may be significant for civil, religious or social reasons. For example, a calendar provides a way to determine which days are religious or civil holidays, which days mark the beginning and end of business accounting periods, and which days have legal significance, such as the day taxes are due or a contract expires. Also a calendar may, by identifying a day, provide other useful information about the day such as its season. Calendars are also used to help people manage their personal schedules, time and activities, particularly when individuals have numerous work, school, and family commitments. People frequently use multiple systems, and may keep both a business and family calendar to help prevent them from overcommitting their time. Calendars are also used as part of a complete timekeeping system. date and time of day together specify a moment in time. In the modern world, written calendars are no longer an essential part of such systems, as the advent of accurate clocks has made it possible to record time independently of astronomical events.

Calendars in widespread use today include the Gregorian calendar, which is the de facto international standard, and is used almost everywhere in the world for civil purposes, including in the People's Republic of China and India (along with the Indian national calendar). Due to the Gregorian calendar's obvious connotations of Western Christianity, non-Christians and even some Christians sometimes justify its use by replacing the traditional era notations "AD" and "BC" ("Anno Domini" and "Before Christ") with "CE" and "BCE" ("Common Era" and "Before Common Era"). The Hindu calendars are some of the most ancient calendars of the world. Eastern Christians of eastern Europe and western Asia used for a long time the Julian Calendar, that of the old Orthodox church, in countries like Russia. For over 1500 years, Westerners used the Julian Calendar also. While the Gregorian calendar is widely used in Israel's business and day-to-day affairs, the Hebrew calendar, used by Jews worldwide for religious and cultural affairs, also influences civil matters in Israel (such as national holidays) and can be used there for business dealings (such as for the dating of checks). The Iranian (Persian) calendar is used in Iran and Afghanistan. The Islamic calendar is used by most non-Iranian Muslims worldwide. The Chinese, Hebrew, Hindu, and Julian calendars are widely used for religious and/or social purposes. The Ethiopian calendar or Ethiopic calendar is the principal calendar used in Ethiopia and Eritrea. In Thailand, where the Thai solar calendar is used, the months and days have adopted the western standard, although the years are still based on the traditional Buddhist calendar. Even where there is a commonly used calendar such as the Gregorian calendar, alternate calendars may also be used, such as a fiscal calendar or the astronomical year numbering system

A fiscal calendar (such as a 4/4/5 calendar) fixes each month at a specific number of weeks to facilitate comparisons from month to month and year to year. January always has exactly 4 weeks (Sunday through Saturday), February has 4 weeks, March has 5 weeks, etc. Note that this calendar will normally need to add a 53rd week to every 5th or 6th year, which might be added to December or might not be, depending on how the organization uses those dates. There exists an international standard way to do this (the ISO week). The ISO week starts on a Monday, and ends on a Sunday. Week 1 is always the week that contains 4 January in the Gregorian calendar.

Calculating the calendar of a previous year (for the Gregorian calendar taking account of the week) is a relatively easy matter when Easter Sunday is not included on the calendar. However, calculating for Easter Sunday is difficult because the calculation requires the knowledge of the full moon cycle. Easter Sunday is on the first Sunday after the first full moon after the Vernal Equinox according to the computus. So, this makes an additional calculation necessary on top of the normal calculation for January 1st and the calculation of whether or not the year is a leap year. There are only 14 different calendars when Easter Sunday is not involved. Each calendar is determined by the day of the week January 1st falls on and whether or not the year is a leap year. However, when Easter Sunday is included, there are 70 different calendars (two for each date of Easter).

A calendar is also a physical device (often paper) (for example, a desktop calendar or a wall calendar). In a paper calendar one or two sheets can show a single day, a week, a month, or a year. If a sheet is for a single day, it easily shows the date and the weekday. If a sheet is for multiple days it shows a conversion table to convert from weekday to date and back. With a special pointing device, or by crossing out past days, it may indicate the current date and weekday. This is the most common usage of the word. The sale of physical calendars has been restricted in some countries, and given as a monopoly to universities and national academies. Examples include the Prussian Academy of Sciences and the University of Helsinki, which had a monopoly on the sale of calendars in Finland until the 1990s.

For lawyers and judges, the calendar is the docket used by the court to schedule the order of hearings or trials. This is especially used in a criminal calendar. A paralegal or court officer may actually keep track of the cases on the calendar or docket, by use of docketing software or law practice management software.

Birashk, Ahmad (1993), A comparative Calendar of the Iranian, Muslim Lunar, and Christian Eras for Three Thousand Years, Mazda Publishers, ISBN us.

Doggett, LE (1992), "Calendars", in Seidelmann, P. Kenneth, Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac, University Science Books, ISBN us.

Calendar Date - Compare monthly calendars for the years between 1970 and 2030. You may also calculate the number of days between two dates during this same time period.

Chabad. Org Calendar - Convert a regular calendar date into the Jewish calendar date, determine the time to light the Shabbat candle, and determine the date for a Bar/Bat Mitzvah.

Calendar Stats - Convert Julian, Gregorian and Jewish dates, and calculate the serial day number for the date. If you do not know what a serial day number is, this site explains it.

The Aztec Calendar Project - Information in English and Spanish about the Aztec calendar by the Rural Womens' Artisan Cooperative of Guerrero, Mexico

Astonomical Applications Department - of the US Naval Observatory. This site has data about the sun, moon, beginnings of the seasons, eclipses, and navigation. There are also FAQ's about time and calendars.

Chamber's Book of Days, 1879 - Being a "Miscellany of Popular Antiquities in connection with the Calendar". Online text containing many strange and interesting stories.

Health Observances - A calendar by the Wellness Coucils of America. A web link to a related organization is provided for each observance.

Ecclesiastical Calendar - Calculates the date of Easter for a given year, and give dates of other events in the ecclesiastical year.

Chabad. Org - This site has This Week at a Glance which presents significant events in Jewish history for that week. It also has candle lighting times, a thousand year calendar, and other calendar related information.

Time Exhibits - This site includes Calendars Through the Ages and A Walk Through Time listed below and also has information on how clocks work and about modern advances in timekeeping. By the US Department of Commerce.

Calendars Through the Ages - A good introduction to calendars in different countries and historical periods.

Calendars - Links to information on calendrical systems and the relation of astronomy to time-keeping systems.

Free Printable Calendar Templates - Daily, weekly, monthly or yearly calendars that are formatted for Microsoft Word.

We provide professional-looking printable calendars in a matter of moments. Every download is a perfectly formatted Microsoft Word document that contains the finished calendar you'll never need to fill the dates in yourself.

Print and make your own calendar. For each month, you write in the month's name and the days. Vertical and horizontal orientations available.

Teacher Planning CalendarPrint a 12-month calendar (from August to July) to assist in planning activities during the school year.

Scheduling Calendar 2008Print a 12-page calendar with one page for each month and one line for each day of the year. Or go to 2009.

One-month moon phases calendar page to print - horizontal or vertical orientation. Students can observe and draw the phases of the moon for a month.

1-Month Weather Calendar to PrintMake a one-month weather calendar. You can observe and record the weather for a single month or for the entire year.

Looking for the calendar that suits you best? We've made choosing 2009 calendars a snap with our selections of perennial favorites. From 365 days of the impossibly cute to a year's worth of Dilbert, you can't go wrong with these classics.

If you like your calendars alfresco, be sure to check out stunning nature calendars from the Sierra Club, Audubon Society, and more.

Decide for yourself who truly is humankind's best friend with our selection of adorable dog calendars and cat calendars for 2009.

Find the perfect 2009 calendar for both Mom and Dad. Overlook these calendars and you're grounded, buster.

Gearheads. start your drooling. Check out the hottest cars, motorcycles, jets, and tractors -- oh yeah, we said tractors -- in our list of 2009 transportation calendars.

/startrek/stardates-pgms directory If you are looking for something and can not find it here, it is probably on Janice McClain's Calendar Zone View Guest Book Sign the Guest Book Will's Home Page

2009 calendars available to buy now, Calendarclub. co. uk is Europe's biggest and best calendar store. We carry 2009 Wall Calendar, 2009 Desk Calendar and 2009 Diary formats for every interest and occasion.

Simpsons Family 2009 Planner. This is the Official Simpsons family organiser. Do you have a tendency to forget where you are and where you should be? Doh!. Then this calendar for the whole family, with somewhere to record key events and appointments for 5 members should sort you out. There is nothing dysfunctional about the Simpsons Family Organiser Calendar for 2009.

Amazing Planet 2009 Wall Calendar. This sumptuous square wire stitched calendar celebrates the diversity of the natural features of our planet with stunning photographs, from the mystery of the aurora borealis to the wild mountain landscape of Nepal.

Inspiration 2009 Wall Calendar. The lush photography in this exquisite 2008 wall calendar will inspire all who feast their eyes upon it. You are sure to find inspiration of the natural kind in this calendar!

Roses 2009 Wall Calendar. The most lauded flower in the garden repertoire is brought to life in stunning color photography by Derek Fell, month after month. The glorious celebration of roses demonstrates why poets and writers have used the rose as a symbol and archetype of love and beauty. This 16 month calendar features a bonus image with mini grids for September - December 2008.This calendar comes with 4 co-coordinating n.

Romance of Steam 2009 Wall Calendar. Barry Freeman's railway paintings capture the very essence of the grandeur of the steam locomotive at work. He conveys the romance and the elegance, the scenery and the speed - all with breathtaking reality.

David Tennant 2009 Wall Calendar. Tennant has had many roles, bothin television as well as in film. He is perhaps best known for his role as the doctor in Dr Who which he did for three full seasons. Tennant isconsidered by many to be one of the most influential people in showbusiness.

Mackenzie Thorpe Wall Calendar. British artist Mackenzie Thorpe combines tenderness with fervency through his abstract depictions of animals and children. His interpretations of "square sheep" and bulbously-headed infants carry with them profound colouring and sweeping lines.

Hollyoak's Hunks 2009 Wall Calendar. There is no better way to start the new year then gazing at one of the gorgeous Hollyoak's Hunks. Buy the 2009 Hollyoaks Hunks calendar, and be the envy of your friends.

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Cool new way to have the current date always available while you are surfing. Click on the date at any time to show a calendar for the whole year. Also has a button for Today in History and a way to search our site or the web using Google. Quick access to all the main features of CalendarHome. com.

Use our Web Calendar if you would like to be able to log in and change or review events for yourself personally or publish events on your website! This is a free and easy way to keep track of your schedule! Additional premium features are available for a fee.

Welcome to Fourmilab's calendar converter! This page allows you to interconvert dates in a variety of calendars, both civil and computer-related. All calculations are done in JavaScript executed in your own browser. complete source code is embedded in or linked to this page, and you're free to download these files to your own computer and use them even when not connected to the Internet. To use the page, your browser must support JavaScript and you must not have disabled execution of that language. Let's see

If the box above says Your browser supports JavaScript, you're in business. simply enter a date in any of the boxes below and press the Calculate button to show that date in all of the other calendars.

The Gregorian calendar was proclaimed by Pope Gregory XIII and took effect in most Catholic states in 1582, in which October 4, 1582 of the Julian calendar was followed by October 15 in the new calendar, correcting for the accumulated discrepancy between the Julian calendar and the equinox as of that date. When comparing historical dates, it's important to note that the Gregorian calendar, used universally today in Western countries and in international commerce, was adopted at different times by different countries. Britain and her colonies (including what is now the United States), did not switch to the Gregorian calendar until 1752, when Wednesday 2nd September in the Julian calendar dawned as Thursday the 14th in the Gregorian. The Gregorian calendar is a minor correction to the Julian. In the Julian calendar every fourth year is a leap year in which February has 29, not 28 days, but in the Gregorian, years divisible by 100 are

A leap year. As in the Julian calendar, days are considered to begin at midnight. The average length of a year in the Gregorian calendar is us. days compared to the actual solar tropical year (time from equinox to equinox) of us. days, so the calendar accumulates one day of error with respect to the solar year about every 3300 years. As a purely solar calendar, no attempt is made to synchronise the start of months to the phases of the Moon. While one can't properly speak of Gregorian dates prior to the adoption of the calendar in 1582, the calendar can be extrapolated to prior dates. In doing so, this implementation uses the convention that the year prior to year 1 is year 0. This differs from the Julian calendar in which there is no year 0the year before year 1 in the Julian calendar is year 1. The date December 30th, 0 in the Gregorian calendar corresponds to January 1st, 1 in the Julian calendar. A slight modification of the Gregorian calendar would make it even more precise. If you add the additional rule that years evenly divisible by 4000 are

Astronomers, unlike historians, frequently need to do arithmetic with dates. For example. a double star goes into eclipse every 1583.6 days and its last mid-eclipse was measured to be on October 17, 2003 at 21.17 UTC. When is the next? Well, you could get out your calendar and count days, but it's far easier to convert all the quantities in question to Julian day numbers and simply add or subtract. Julian days simply enumerate the days and fraction which have elapsed since the start of the

In the Julian calendar. This date is defined in terms of a cycle of years, but has the additional advantage that all known historical astronomical observations bear positive Julian day numbers, and periods can be determined and events extrapolated by simple addition and subtraction. Julian dates are a tad eccentric in starting at noon, but then so are astronomers (and systems programmers!)when you've become accustomed to rising after the crack of noon and doing most of your work when the Sun is down, you appreciate recording your results in a calendar where the date doesn't change in the middle of your workday. But even the Julian day convention bears witness to the eurocentrism of 19th century astronomynoon at Greenwich is midnight on the other side of the world. But the Julian day notation is so deeply embedded in astronomy that it is unlikely to be displaced at any time in the foreseeable future. It is an ideal system for storing dates in computer programs, free of cultural bias and discontinuities at various dates, and can be readily transformed into other calendar systems, as the source code for this page illustrates. Use Julian days and fractions (stored in 64 bit or longer floating point numbers) in your programs, and be ready for Y10K, Y100K, and Y1MM!

The Julian calendar differs from the Gregorian only in the determination of leap years, lacking the correction for years divisible by 100 and 400 in the Gregorian calendar. In the Julian calendar, any positive year is a leap year if divisible by 4. (Negative years are leap years if the absolute value divided by 4 yields a remainder of 1.) Days are considered to begin at midnight. In the Julian calendar the average year has a length of 365.25 days. compared to the actual solar tropical year of us. days. The calendar thus accumulates one day of error with respect to the solar year every 128 years. Being a purely solar calendar, no attempt is made to synchronise the start of months to the phases of the Moon.

Having respectively 353, 354, or 355 days in a common year and 383, 384, or 385 days in embolismic years. Days are defined as beginning at sunset, and the calendar begins at sunset the night before Monday, October 7, 3761

In the Julian calendar, or Julian day us. Days are numbered with Sunday as day 1, through Saturday. day 7. The average length of a month is us. days, extremely close to the mean

(time from new Moon to next new Moon) of us. days. Such is the accuracy that more than 13,800 years elapse before a single day discrepancy between the calendar's average reckoning of the start of months and the mean time of the new Moon. Alignment with the solar year is better than the Julian calendar, but inferior to the Gregorian. The average length of a year is us. days compared to the actual solar tropical year (time from equinox to equinox) of us. days, so the calendar accumulates one day of error with respect to the solar year every 216 years.

The Islamic calendar is purely lunar and consists of twelve alternating months of 30 and 29 days, with the final 29 day month extended to 30 days during leap years. Leap years follow a 30 year cycle and occur in years 1, 5, 7, 10, 13, 16, 18, 21, 24, 26, and 29. Days are considered to begin at sunset. The calendar begins on Friday, July 16th, 622

In the Julian calendar, Julian day us., the day of Muhammad's flight from Mecca to Medina, with sunset on the preceding day reckoned as the first day of the first month of year 1 A. H.

(time from new Moon to next new Moon) of us. days, with the calendar only slipping one day with respect to the Moon every 2525 years. Since the calendar is fixed to the Moon, not the solar year, the months shift with respect to the seasons, with each month beginning about 11 days earlier in each successive solar year. The calendar presented here is the most commonly used civil calendar in the Islamic world. for religious purposes months are defined to start with the first observation of the crescent of the new Moon.

The modern Persian calendar was adopted in 1925, supplanting (while retaining the month names of) a traditional calendar dating from the eleventh century. The calendar consists of 12 months, the first six of which are 31 days, the next five 30 days, and the final month 29 days in a normal year and 30 days in a leap year. As one of the few calendars designed in the era of accurate positional astronomy, the Persian calendar uses a very complex leap year structure which makes it the most accurate solar calendar in use today. Years are grouped into

Is composed of 21 consecutive 128 year grand cycles and a final 132 grand cycle, for a total of 2820 years. The pattern of normal and leap years which began in 1925 will not repeat until the year 4745! Each 2820 year great grand cycle contains 2137 normal years of 365 days and 683 leap years of 366 days, with the average year length over the great grand cycle of us. So close is this to the actual solar tropical year of us. days that the Persian calendar accumulates an error of one day only every 3.8 million years. As a purely solar calendar, months are not synchronised with the phases of the Moon.

The Mayans employed three calendars, all organised as hierarchies of cycles of days of various lengths. The

Was the religious calendar. All of the Mayan calendars are based on serial counting of days without means for synchronising the calendar to the Sun or Moon, although the Long Count and Haab calendars contain cycles of 360 and 365 days, respectively, which are roughly comparable to the solar year. Based purely on counting days, the Long Count more closely resembles the Julian Day system and contemporary computer representations of date and time than other calendars devised in antiquity. Also distinctly modern in appearance is that days and cycles count from zero, not one as in most other calendars, which simplifies the computation of dates, and that numbers as opposed to names were used for all of the cycles.

The Long Count calendar is organised into the hierarchy of cycles shown at the right. Each of the cycles is composed of 20 of the next shorter cycle with the exception of the

Of 360 days, which maintains approximate alignment with the solar year over modest intervalsthe calendar comes undone from the Sun 5 days every

Cycle of about 7,885 years the universe is destroyed and re-created. Those with apocalyptic inclinations will be relieved to observe that the present cycle will not end until Columbus Day, October 12, 4772 in the Gregorian calendar. Speaking of apocalyptic events, it's amusing to observe that the longest of the cycles in the Mayan calendar,

There's no point in writing dates using the longer cycles, so we dispense with them here. Dates in the Long Count calendar are written, by convention, as.

Days not considered part of any period. Dates in this calendar are written as a day number (0 to 19 for regular periods and 0 to 4 for the days of

) followed by the name of the period. This calendar has no concept of year numbers. it simply repeats at the end of the complete 365 day cycle. Consequently, it is not possible, given a date in the Haab calendar, to determine the Long Count or year in other calendars. The 365 day cycle provides better alignment with the solar year than the 360 day

Of the Long Count but, lacking a leap year mechanism, the Haab calendar shifted one day with respect to the seasons about every four years. The Mayan religion employed the

Calendar, composed of 20 named periods of 13 days. Unlike the Haab calendar, in which the day numbers increment until the end of the period, at which time the next period name is used and the day count reset to 0, the names and numbers in the Tzolkin calendar advance in parallel. On each successive day, the day number is incremented by 1, being reset to 0 upon reaching 13, and the next in the cycle of twenty names is affixed to it. Since 13 does not evenly divide 20, there are thus a total of 260 day number and period names before the calendar repeats. As with the Haab calendar, cycles are not counted and one cannot, therefore, convert a Tzolkin date into a unique date in other calendars. The 260 day cycle formed the basis for Mayan religious events and has no relation to the solar year or lunar month. The Mayans frequently specified dates using

The Bahá'í calendar is a solar calendar organised as a hierarchy of cycles, each of length 19, commemorating the 19 year period between the 1844 proclamation of the Báb in Shiraz and the revelation by Bahá'u'lláh in 1863. Days are named in a cycle of 19 names. Nineteen of these cycles of 19 days, usually called months even though they have nothing whatsoever to do with the Moon, make up a year, with a period between the 18th and 19th months referred to as

Not considered part of any month. this period is four days in normal years and five days in leap years. The rule for leap years is identical to that of the Gregorian calendar, so the Bahá'í calendar shares its accuracy and remains synchronised. The same cycle of 19 names is used for days and months. The year begins at the equinox, March 21, the Feast of Naw-Rúz. days begin at sunset. Years have their own cycle of 19 names, called the

Will not end until Gregorian calendar year 2205. A week of seven days is superimposed on the calendar, with the week considered to begin on Saturday. Confusingly, three of the names of weekdays are identical to names in the 19 name cycles for days and months.

A bewildering variety of calendars have been and continue to be used in the Indian subcontinent. In 1957 the Indian government's Calendar Reform Committee adopted the National Calendar of India for civil purposes and, in addition, defined guidelines to standardise computation of the religious calendar, which is based on astronomical observations. The civil calendar is used throughout India today for administrative purposes, but a variety of religious calendars remain in use. We present the civil calendar here. The National Calendar of India is composed of 12 months. The first month,

Is 30 days in normal and 31 days in leap years. This is followed by five consecutive 31 day months, then six 30 day months. Leap years in the Indian calendar occur in the same years as as in the Gregorian calendar. the two calendars thus have identical accuracy and remain synchronised. Years in the Indian calendar are counted from the start of the Saka Era, the equinox of March 22nd of year 79 in the Gregorian calendar, designated day 1 of month Caitra of year 1 in the Saka Era. The calendar was officially adopted on 1 Caitra, 1879 Saka Era, or March 22nd, 1957 Gregorian. Since year 1 of the Indian calendar differs from year 1 of the Gregorian, to determine whether a year in the Indian calendar is a leap year, add 78 to the year of the Saka era then apply the Gregorian calendar rule to the sum.

The names for the months. It incarnates the revolutionary spirit of Out with the old! In with the relentlessly rational! which later gave rise in 1795 to the metric system of weights and measures which has proven more durable than the Republican calendar. The calendar consists of 12 months of 30 days each, followed by a five- or six-day holiday period, the

Months are grouped into four seasons. the three months of each season end with the same letters and rhyme with one another. The calendar begins on Gregorian date September 22nd, 1792, the September equinox and date of the founding of the First Republic. This day is designated the first day of the month of Vendémiaire in year 1 of the Republic. Subsequent years begin on the day in which the September equinox occurs as reckoned at the Paris meridian. Days begin at true solar midnight. Whether the

366 day years do not recur in a regular pattern but instead follow the dictates of astronomy. The calendar therefore stays perfectly aligned with the seasons. No attempt is made to synchronise months with the phases of the Moon. The Republican calendar is rare in that it has no concept of a seven day week. Each thirty day month is divided into three

Occurs only in years of 366 days. Napoléon abolished the Republican calendar in favour of the Gregorian on January 1st, 1806. Thus France, one of the first countries to adopt the Gregorian calendar (in December 1582), became the only country to subsequently abandon and then re-adopt it. During the period of the Paris Commune uprising in 1871 the Republican calendar was again briefly used. The original decree which established the Republican calendar contained a contradiction. it defined the year as starting on the day of the true autumnal equinox in Paris, but further prescribed a four year cycle called

And hence contain 366 days. These two specifications are incompatible, as 366 day years defined by the equinox do not recur on a regular four year schedule. This problem was recognised shortly after the calendar was proclaimed, but the calendar was abandoned five years before the first conflict would have occurred and the issue was never formally resolved. Here we assume the equinox rule prevails, as a rigid four year cycle would be no more accurate than the Julian calendar, which couldn't possibly be the intent of its enlightened Republican designers.

The International Standards Organisation (ISO) issued Standard ISO 8601, Representation of Dates in 1988, superseding the earlier ISO 2015. The bulk of the standard consists of standards for representing dates in the Gregorian calendar including the highly recommended YYYY-MM-DD form which is unambiguous, free of cultural bias, can be sorted into order without rearrangement, and is Y9K compliant. In addition, ISO 8601 formally defines the calendar week often encountered in commercial transactions in Europe. The first calendar week of a year. week 1, is that week which contains the first Thursday of the year (or, equivalently, the week which includes January 4th of the year. the first day of that week is the previous Monday). The last week. week 52 or 53 depending on the date of Monday in the first week, is that which contains December 28th of the year. The first ISO calendar week of a given year starts with a Monday which can be as early as December 29th of the previous year or as late as January 4th of the present. the last calendar week can end as late as Sunday, January 3rd of the subsequent year. ISO 8601 dates in year, week, and day form are written with a W preceding the week number, which bears a leading zero if less than 10, for example February 29th, 2000 is written as us. in year, month, day format and 2000-W09-2 in year, week, day form. since the day number can never exceed 7, only a single digit is required. The hyphens may be elided for brevity and the day number omitted if not required. You will frequently see date of manufacture codes such as 00W09 stamped on products. this is an abbreviation of 2000-W09, the ninth week of year 2000.

In solar calendars such as the Gregorian, only days and years have physical significance. days are defined by the rotation of the Earth, and years by its orbit about the Sun. Months, decoupled from the phases of the Moon, are but a memory of forgotten lunar calendars, while weeks of seven days are entirely a social constructwhile most calendars in use today adopt a cycle of seven day names or numbers, calendars with name cycles ranging from four to sixty days have been used by other cultures in history. ISO 8601 permits us to jettison the historical and cultural baggage of weeks and months and express a date simply by the year and day number within that year, ranging from 001 for January 1st through 365 (366 in a leap year) for December 31st. This format makes it easy to do arithmetic with dates within a year, and only slightly more complicated for periods which span year boundaries. You'll see this representation used in project planning and for specifying delivery dates. ISO dates in this form are written as YYYY-DDD, for example us. for February 29th, 2000. leading zeroes are always written in the day number, but the hyphen may be omitted for brevity. All ISO 8601 date formats have the advantages of being fixed length (at least until the Y10K crisis rolls around) and, when stored in a computer, of being sorted in date order by an alphanumeric sort of their textual representations. The ISO week and day and day of year calendars are derivative of the Gregorian calendar and share its accuracy.

Development of the Unix operating system began at Bell Laboratories in 1969 by Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson, with the first PDP-11 version becoming operational in February 1971. Unix wisely adopted the convention that all internal dates and times (for example, the time of creation and last modification of files) were kept in Universal Time, and converted to local time based on a per-user time zone specification. This far-sighted choice has made it vastly easier to integrate Unix systems into far-flung networks without a chaos of conflicting time settings. Many machines on which Unix was initially widely deployed could not support arithmetic on integers longer than 32 bits without costly multiple-precision computation in software. The internal representation of time was therefore chosen to be the number of seconds elapsed since 00.00 Universal time on January 1, 1970 in the Gregorian calendar (Julian day us. ), with time stored as a 32 bit signed integer (

Calendar, remember, so one must first look to make sure it doesn't contain one of those bonehead blunders characteristic of Microsoft. As is usually the case, one doesn't have to look very far. If you have a copy of PC Excel, fire it up, format a cell as containing a date, and type 60 into it. out pops February 29, 1900. News apparently travels

Slowly from Rome to Redmondever since Pope Gregory revised the calendar in 1582, years divisible by 100 have

Is affected. while the first release of Excel probably also screwed up all years divisible by 100 and hence implemented a purely Julian calendar, contemporary versions do correctly count days in 2000 (which is a leap year, being divisible by 400), 2100, and subsequent end of century years. PC Excel day numbers are valid only between 1 (January 1, 1900) and us. (December 31, 9999). Although a serial day counting scheme has no difficulty coping with arbitrary date ranges or days before the start of the epoch (given sufficient precision in the representation of numbers), Excel doesn't do so. Day 0 is deemed the idiotic January 0, 1900 (at least in Excel 97), and negative days and those in Y10K and beyond are not handled at all. Further, old versions of Excel did date arithmetic using 16 bit quantities and did not support day numbers greater than 65380 (December 31, 2078). I do not know in which release of Excel this limitation was remedied.

Authoritative reference on a wealth of topics related to computational geodesy and astronomy. Various calendars are described in depth, including techniques for interconversion.

The Institut de mécanique céleste et de calcul des éphémérides in Paris provides excellent on-line descriptions of a variety of calendars.

Elestial bodies the Sun, Moon, planets, and stars have provided us a reference for measuring the passage of time throughout our existence. Ancient civilizations relied upon the apparent motion of these bodies through the sky to determine seasons, months, and years. We know little about the details of timekeeping in prehistoric eras, but wherever we turn up records and artifacts, we usually discover that in every culture, some people were preoccupied with measuring and recording the passage of time. Ice-age hunters in Europe over 20,000 years ago scratched lines and gouged holes in sticks and bones, possibly counting the days between phases of the moon. Five thousand years ago, Sumerians in the Tigris-Euphrates valley in today's Iraq had a calendar that divided the year into 30day months, divided the day into 12periods (each corresponding to 2 of our hours), and divided these periods into 30parts (each like 4 of our minutes). We have no written records of Stonehenge, built over 4000years ago in England, but its alignments show its purposes apparently included the determination of seasonal or celestial events, such as lunar eclipses, solstices and so on. The earliest Egyptian calendar [Ref.] was based on the moon's cycles, but later the Egyptians realized that the Dog Star in Canis Major, which we call Sirius, rose next to the sun every 365days, about when the annual inundation of the Nile began. Based on this knowledge, they devised a 365day calendar that seems to have begun around 3100BCE (Before the Common Era), which thus seems to be one of the earliest years recorded in history. Before 2000BCE, the Babylonians (in today's Iraq) used a year of 12alternating 29day and 30day lunar months, giving a 354day year. In contrast, the Mayans of Central America relied not only on the Sun and Moon, but also the planet Venus, to establish 260day and 365day calendars. This culture and its related predecessors spread across Central America between 2600BCE and 1500CE, reaching their apex between 250 and 900CE. They left celestial-cycle records indicating their belief that the creation of the world occurred in 3114BCE. Their calendars later became portions of the great Aztec calendar stones. Our present civilization has adopted a 365day solar calendar with a leap year occurring every fourth year (except century years not evenly divisible by 400).

Shop thousands of yearly calendars, photo calendars, animal calendars and more at Zazzle or create your own calendar with your photos, text and more. Choose from 5 different sizes and date ranges up to 36 months. Calendars are produced and shipped to you in 24 hours!

Wikipedia. List of Calendars Index of Wikipedia entries about calendars and measurements of the year, including current, ancient, proposed, and fictional calendars.

Time and Date. com Guide to time zones and calendars around the world. Generate a calendar for a given year and country, convert times between time zones, and find countdowns to the next New Year's Day and other events.

Yahoo! Calendar Yahoo! Calendar is web-based calendar to help you organize your life online, which features auto reminders, invites, and religious holidays.

Calendar Zone Comprehensive categorized calendar catalog offering an annotated directory of web sites about calendars. Includes information about religious, celestial, and cultural calendars, as well as holidays and traditional events.

Daily Calendar and Clock Page Today's date in various calendars and eras, with links to current information around the web. Includes details about the current time and phase of the moon.

Ecclesiastical Calendar Enter a year and get the days and dates for several Ecclesiastical celebrations during that year, including Easter and the movable celebrations related to it.

Virtual Perpetual Calendar Online calendar showing a whole year at a glance, as well as holidays and astrological information. Also includes calendar FAQs, information about units of time, and U. S. and Canadian holidays.

Frequently Asked Questions About Calendars Gives an overview of the Christian, Hebrew, Persian, and Islamic calendars, and considers other calendars such as the Mayan, the French Revolutionary, and the Chinese.

Wikipedia. Calendar Overview of calendar systems and types, with links to Wikipedia entries about specific calendars. Covers solar, lunar, and fiscal versions, as well as calendars currently used around the world.

Calendar Studies Collection of articles about calendars, including the Julian and Gregorian calendars, ISO date format, lunar calendars, and the number of days in a week. Includes several proposed new calendars.

CalendarHome. com Create a printable calendar for any month or year, or browse ready-made calendars with art, nature, sports, or religious themes. Also includes links to other online calendar resources.

Exhibit of the Lakota photographic calendars and interviews on the winter-count-keeping tradition. Includes a database of winter count images, video interviews, and a documentary about the Native American nation. From the Smithsonian.

Walk Through Time. Ancient Calendars Read about the calendars used by ancient peoples across the globe to track the seasons and the movements of the sun and moon. Discusses calendars from the Egyptians, Babylonians, Mayans, and Aztecs. With illustrations.

VMSL. Calendars Online directory of date and time resources including free online calendar makers. Browse information about today's date in history, astrological events, and holidays and festivals.

Rosetta Calendar Calendar conversion service converting dates into corresponding days in different systems. Find out what equivalent dates are in the Gregorian, Julian, or Hebrew calendars.

ISO Week Date Calendar Interactive calendar based on the ISO 8601 standard for time measurement. Displays the current week and day of the year and converts dates to week-date format.

Multi-Year Calendar View calendars for any year or sequence of years since 1582, including selected holidays. in English, French, German, and Spanish.

CalendarDate. com Find specific dates of holidays and observances with these perpetual, online, web-based calendars.

Calendar Mailing List Mailing list for discussion of social, historical, and philosophical dimensions of calendars and time reckoning. Subscribe to read or send messages.

The organization and record of the passing of days or time. Also include are topical and audience-specific calendars, such as religious and cultural calendars.

Gives the English calendar dates for traditional Jewish Holidays for us. This page will only be legible if your browser supports tables.

Celestial Calendars, Cultural Religious Calendars, Holidays, Millennium Info, Calendar Reform, Today Calendars, Web Interactive Calendars, Y2K, also Calendar Information, Resources, Indexes Directories, Calendar Software."

A site covering the "history of the human endeavor to organize our lives in accordance with the sun and stars." Discover the origins of modern and past calendar systems. This site covers the calendars of several different cultures and includes a timeline of calendar facts.

This is a browseable calendar of world events. Select a month and then a day to see what important events, births of famous people, or holidays occur on that date. Moveable holidays are listed at the beginning of each month.

English calendar dates for holidays and holy days for several different world religions. Includes current and future years.

Panchangam is the Indian Calendar, which has been in use for centuries. This calendar covers everything from the phases of the Moon, the positions of stars and planets, and identifies auspicious times and days for various activities." Online panchangam calculator, listing of major Hindu festival days, free downloads of kolam and yantha(religiously significant illustrations), and directory of shlokas (prayers).

A perpetual calendar. allows users to check days of the week for dates in history and in the future. Browsable, not searchable, but easy enough to use.

A site that currently provides the calendar for any year in the 19th-21st centuries. You can also look up the dates for holidays in the United States and Canada from us. Other features include a quick reference to signs of the zodiac and seasons of the year along with their corresponding dates.

Old Wall Calendar in Farmhouse A calendar from 1925, yellowed with age, still hangs on the wall of retired farmer and recluse Theron Boyd’s house.

Today almost everyone takes the precision of our calendars for granted, unaware of the long threads spooling out from our clocks and watches backward in time, running through virtually every major revolution in human science, all linked to the measurement of time. The thread runs largely through the West, since this is the source of the world’s civic calendar, but also casts lines of varying sizes and thickness outward to China, India, Egypt, Arabia, and Mesopotamia. Unwinding backward, it pauses at Clavious and at Bacon. at the rush of knowledge coming from Islam and the East during the Middle Ages. at bloody wars fought over dates after Rome’s collapse. and at Rome at its height, when Julius Caesar fell in love with Cleopatra, an affair that gave the west its calendar. It moves back farther still to the Egypt of the pharaohs, Babylon, Sumer, and beyond, thousands of years before our own calendar was created, when an unknown person dressed in reindeer skins and clutching an eagle bone gazed at the sky and got an idea to use the moon to measure time. Many different calendars have been developed over the millennia to help people organize their lives. According to a recent estimate, there are about forty calendars used in the world today, particularly for determining religious dates. Most modern countries use the Gregorian calendar (see the Year) for their official activities.

Westerners should keep in mind that there are indeed several calendars actively in use. For example, there are 11 public holidays in Singapore.

These include three secular holidays, New Year’s Day, Labor Day and National Day, and eight religious/cultural holidays (two Chinese, two Islamic, two Indian and two Christian). Christmas falls on a fixed date in the Gregorian calendar, but the other seven traditional holiday are movable. →. See related information in another exhibit, Daylight Saving Time.

CALENDAR WORLD is the best online calendar store for Custom Calendars, Imprinted Promotional Calendars, Promotional items and Corporate Gifts, made to order to promote your company 365 days each year or special events. Custom Calendars have already been proven as the most effective business promotional tool. Calendars take many forms these days. Custom calendars can be works of art in themselves and even standard promotional lines of calendars offer many choices of professional photos or illustrations. Any business, in fact, can find calendars that relate to their customers in some way. A pediatrician can select calendars with photos of children, animals or toys. A pharmaceutical rep can choose from similar types of calendars if they do a lot of business with pediatricians. A florist can select beautiful floral calendars and a travel company can choose beautiful photographed sites to visit. However, these types of calendars are by no means limited to these particular professions or businesses. Most people enjoy beautiful photos and illustrations. The fact that they also come with useful information is a bonus. Although you can get the date from a cell phone or computer, calendars in businesses will be seen every day. Can you say the same for any other type of advertising? Calendars can also have inspirational thoughts and motivational quotations. They can champion a cause such as protecting the environment, or speak directly to an audience such as classic car collectors or doll collectors. Calendars can relate to surfers or soccer players. Calendars can also educate by presenting little known facts and can even promote sharing if a favorite recipe of the month is given. given.

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Scenic calendars appeal to a wide variety of business, from gift shops to large corporations looking for an employee giveaway.

A great tool for the education market or businesses with an African-American customer base. This calendar features historical information about notable African-Americans.

Car Calendars A quick decision for gas stations, auto parts suppliers and car dealerships. Includes information about each classic American muscle car.

This adorable calendar full of wonderful kitten photos is hard to resist. Veterinarians that specialize in small animal care are great prospects for this calendar.

Home improvement stores, garden and greenhouses purchase this calendar. Includes general information about featured flower varieties.

Food Calendars Flavorful, healthy recipes are the main attraction of this stylish calendar. It includes clip-and- save recipes of each featured dish, along with a nutritional analysis.

A gorgeous calendar featuring golf photography. Perfect for golf schools, country clubs and equipment manufacturers. Tournament sponsors could even use it as a gift for participants!

Businesses that encourage their customers or employees to live healthier lives will appreciate this calendar.

Artist Tod Leeds creates a calendar perfect for businesses that want to add a dose of humor to their advertising mix.

12 beautiful women are featured in this attention-getting calendar. Advertiser's message prints on every month..

Sportsman Wildlife Calendars A wild advertising idea for game preserves, hunting outfitters and sporting goods stores. The dategrid contains Wright's Guide to the best fishing days.

Desk Calendars A custom imprinted desk calendar with your brand imprint and message makes a unique and memorable promotional corporate gift idea for your customers.

Create Your Own Custom Calendar Create a truly one-of-a kind custom calendar with your own photo's and special dates. Low quanities priced jto fit tight advertising budgets for smaller events, mailings or customer lists.

Stick Up Mini Calendars Full-color images grab attention all year without taking up a lot of space! These compact calendars stick in vehicles or on file cabinet, refridgerators and more. Choose from 24 different style mounts to complete your stick up calendar.

Commerical Contractors Span -A- Year Calendars A Great selection and Quality to Market your Business. Perfect for people that need to plan in advance. Popular in the manufacturing, construction and retail markets.

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Academic Calendar UT Austin academic calendar for courses, registration, and graduation deadlines. Campus-wide Events View today's events or browse and search the entire UT Events Calendar. Student Government Events Calendar and events for student government including the Graduate Student Assembly and the Senate. Vacation and Holiday Schedule For classified and non-teaching staff. UT Performing Arts Center Current Season Dance, theatre, music, film and more. Erwin Center Upcoming Events Athletics and entertainment calendar from the Frank Erwin Center. Cactus Cafe Performance Calendar An intimate live music performance venue, from the Texas Union. McDonald Observatory Visitor Center Schedules of guided tours, star parties, and more.

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This document is available in three formats. As a set of web pages As a single text file As an Adobe Acrobat (PDF) file C language implementation of calendar algorithms.

The Maya calendar is a system of distinct calendars and almanacs used by the Maya civilization of pre-Columbian Mesoamerica, and by some modern Maya communities in highland Guatemala. These calendars can be synchronized and interlocked, their combinations giving rise to further, more extensive cycles. The essentials of the Maya calendric system are based upon a system which had been in common use throughout the region, dating back to at least the 6th century BCE. It shares many aspects with calendars employed by other earlier Mesoamerican civilizations, such as the Zapotec and Olmec, and contemporary or later ones such as the Mixtec and Aztec calendars. Although the Mesoamerican calendar did not originate with the Maya, their subsequent extensions and refinements of it were the most sophisticated. Along with those of the Aztecs, the Maya calendars are the best-documented and most completely understood. By the Maya mythological tradition, as documented in Colonial Yucatec accounts and reconstructed from Late Classic and Postclassic inscriptions, the deity Itzamna is frequently credited with bringing the knowledge of the calendar system to the ancestral Maya, along with writing in general and other foundational aspects of Maya culture.

The most important of these calendars is one with a period of 260 days. This 260-day calendar was prevalent across all Mesoamerican societies, and is of great antiquity (almost certainly the oldest of the calendars). It is still used in some regions of Oaxaca, and by the Maya communities of the Guatemalan highlands. The Maya version is commonly known to scholars as the Tzolkin, or Tzolk'in in the revised orthography of the Academia de las Lenguas Mayas de Guatemala.

The Tzolk'in is combined with another 365-day calendar (known as the Haab, or Haab'), to form a synchronized cycle lasting for 52 Haabs, called the Calendar Round. Smaller cycles of 13 days (the trecena) and 20 days (the veintena) were important components of the Tzolk'in and Haab' cycles, respectively. A different form of calendar was used to track longer periods of time, and for the inscription of calendar dates (i. e., identifying when one event occurred in relation to others). This form, known as the Long Count, is based upon the number of elapsed days since a mythological starting-point.

According to the correlation between the Long Count and Western calendars accepted by the great majority of Maya researchers (known as the GMT correlation), this starting-point is equivalent to August 11, 3114 BCE in the proleptic Gregorian calendar or 6 September in the Julian calendar (−3113 astronomical). The Goodman-Martinez-Thompson correlation was chosen by Thompson in 1935 based on earlier correlations by Joseph Goodman in 1905 (August 11), Juan Martínez Hernández in 1926 (August 12), and John Eric Sydney Thompson in 1927 (August 13).

By its linear nature, the Long Count was capable of being extended to refer to any date far into the future (or past). This calendar involved the use of a positional notation system, in which each position signified an increasing multiple of the number of days. The Maya numeral system was essentially vigesimal (i. e., base-20), and each unit of a given position represented 20 times the unit of the position which preceded it. An important exception was made for the second place value, which instead represented 18 × 20, or 360 days, more closely approximating the solar year than would 20 × 20 = 400 days. It should be noted however that the cycles of the Long Count are independent of the solar year. Many Maya Long Count inscriptions are supplemented by what is known as the Lunar Series, another calendar form which provides information on the lunar phase and position of the Moon in a half-yearly cycle of lunations. A 584-day Venus cycle was also maintained, which tracked the appearance and conjunctions of Venus as the morning and evening stars. Many events in this cycle were seen as being inauspicious and baleful, and occasionally warfare was timed to coincide with stages in this cycle. Other, less-prevalent or poorly-understood cycles, combinations and calendar progressions were also tracked. An 819-day count is attested in a few inscriptions. repeating sets of 9- and 13-day intervals associated with different groups of deities, animals and other significant concepts are also known.

With the development of the place-notational Long Count calendar (believed to have been inherited from other Mesoamerican cultures), the Maya had an elegant system with which events could be recorded in a linear relationship to one another, and also with respect to the calendar ("linear time") itself. In theory, this system could readily be extended to delineate any length of time desired, by simply adding to the number of higher-order place markers used (and thereby generating an ever-increasing sequence of day-multiples, each day in the sequence uniquely identified by its Long Count number). In practice, most Maya Long Count inscriptions confine themselves to noting only the first 5 coefficients in this system (a b'ak'tun-count), since this was more than adequate to express any historical or current date (with an equivalent span of approximately 5125 solar years). Even so, example inscriptions exist which noted or implied lengthier sequences, indicating that the Maya well understood a linear (past-present-future) conception of time. However, and in common with other Mesoamerican societies, the repetition of the various calendric cycles, the natural cycles of observable phenomena, and the recurrence and renewal of death-rebirth imagery in their mythological traditions were important and pervasive influences upon Maya societies. This conceptual view, in which the "cyclical nature" of time is highlighted, was a pre-eminent one, and many rituals were concerned with the completion and re-occurrences of various cycles. As the particular calendaric configurations were once again repeated, so too were the "supernatural" influences with which they were associated. Thus it was held that particular calendar configurations had a specific "character" to them, which would influence events on days exhibiting that configuration. Divinations could then be made from the auguries associated with a certain configuration, since events taking place on some future date would be subject to the same influences as its corresponding previous cycle dates. Events and ceremonies would be timed to coincide with auspicious dates, and avoid inauspicious ones.

The completion of significant calendar cycles ("period endings"), such as a k'atun-cycle, were often marked by the erection and dedication of specific monuments (mostly stela inscriptions, but sometimes twin-pyramid complexes such as those in Tikal and Yaxha), commemorating the completion, accompanied by dedicatory ceremonies. A cyclical interpretation is also noted in Maya creation accounts, in which the present world and the humans in it were preceded by other worlds (one to five others, depending on the tradition) which were fashioned in various forms by the gods, but subsequently destroyed. The present world also had a tenuous existence, requiring the supplication and offerings of periodic sacrifice to maintain the balance of continuing existence. Similar themes are found in the creation accounts of other Mesoamerican societies.

Some Mayanists employ the name Tzolk'in (in modern Maya orthography. also and formerly commonly written tzolkin) for the Maya Sacred Round or 260-day calendar. Tzolk'in is a neologism coined in Yukatek Maya, to mean "count of days" (Coe 1992). The actual names of this calendar as used by Precolumbian Maya peoples are still debated by scholars. The Aztec calendar equivalent was called Tonalpohualli, in the Nahuatl language. The Tzolk'in calendar combines twenty day names with the thirteen numbers of the trecena cycle to produce 260 unique days. It is used to determine the time of religious and ceremonial events and for divination. Each successive day is numbered from 1 up to 13 and then starting again at 1. Separately from this, each day is given a name in sequence from a list of 20 day names.

Each day of the Tzolk'in has a Patron Spirit who influences events. Ah K'in, the Maya shaman-priest, whose title means "Day Keeper", read the Tzolk'in to determine the answers to yes/no questions as well as more complex questions involving health, wealth and family. The Sacred Calendar is also used to set the most auspicious dates for household, lineage, and community rituals. When a child is born, the day keeper interprets the Tzolk'in cycle to identify the baby’s character (similarly done today with a natal chart). For example, a child born on the day of Ak'b'al is thought to be feminine, wealthy, and verbally skillful. The birthday of Ak'b'al (along with several other days) is also thought to give the child the ability to receive messages with the supernatural world through somatic twitches of "blood lightning", so he or she might become a Shaman-priest or a Marriage Spokesman. A day keeper knows the personalities and destinies associated with each of the 20 Maya Signs of the Tzolk'in calendar. There are several forms of Maya Calendar divination employing the sacred coral seeds which each Calendar diviner carries in a small bag with crystals and 'other small things' (Tozzer 1941). The Precolumbian Maya practiced a form of Bibliomancy, in which they would cast the seeds upon a calendar to determine the good and bad days for the year. Precolumbian Maya employed and Modern Maya Ah K'in employ Sortilage, in which piles of four or five beans are counted from the current calendar day of the Sacred Round to arrive at the result. Modern Maya Ah K'in also employ Cartomancy, in which the fifty two cards of the poker deck represent the fifty two Year Bearers of the Maya Calendar Round. Maya shamans also perform a wide variety of divinatory arts which do not specifically depend upon a mastery of the sacred calendar, including crystal, mirror, and water gazing. and spirit possession, among others.

The exact origin of the Tzolk'in is not known, but there are several theories. One theory is that the calendar came from mathematical operations based on the numbers thirteen and twenty, which were important numbers to the Maya. The numbers multiplied together equal 260. Another theory is that the 260-day period came from the length of human pregnancy. This is close to the average number of days between the first missed menstrual period and birth, unlike Naegele's rule which is 40 weeks (280 days) between the last menstrual period and birth. It is postulated that midwives originally developed the calendar to predict babies' expected birth dates. A third theory comes from understanding of astronomy, geography and paleontology. The mesoamerican calendar probably originated with the Olmecs, and a settlement existed at Izapa, in southeast Chiapas Mexico, before 1200 BCE. There, at a latitude of about 15° N, the Sun passes through zenith twice a year, and there are 260 days between zenithal passages, and gnomons (used generally for observing the path of the Sun and in particular zenithal passages), were found at this and other sites. The sacred almanac may well have been set in motion on August 13, 1359 BCE, in Izapa. Vincent H. Malmström, a geographer who suggested this location and date, outlines his reasons. (1) Astronomically, it lay at the only latitude in North America where a 260-day interval (the length of the "strange" sacred almanac used throughout the region in pre-Columbian times) can be measured between vertical sun positions -- an interval which happens to begin on the 13th of August -- the day the peoples of the Mesoamerica believed that the present world was created. (2) Historically, it was the only site at this latitude which was old enough to have been the cradle of the sacred almanac, which at that time (1973) was thought to date to the 4th or 5th centuries B. C.. and (3) Geographically, it was the only site along the required parallel of latitude that lay in a tropical lowland ecological niche where such creatures as alligators, monkeys, and iguanas were native -- all of which were used as day-names in the sacred almanac.

Malmström also offers strong arguments against both of the former explanations. A fourth theory is that the calendar is based on the crops. From planting to harvest is approximately 260 days.

The Haab' was the Maya solar calendar made up of eighteen months of twenty days each plus a period of five days ("nameless days") at the end of the year known as Wayeb' (or Uayeb in 16th C. orthography). Bricker (1982) estimates that the Haab' was first used around 550 BCE with the starting point of the winter solstice. The Haab' month names are known today by their corresponding names in colonial-era Yukatek Maya, as transcribed by 16th century sources (in particular, Diego de Landa and books such as the Chilam Balam of Chumayel). Phonemic analyses of Haab' glyph names in pre-Columbian Maya inscriptions have demonstrated that the names for these twenty-day periods varied considerably from region to region and from period to period, reflecting differences in the base language(s) and usage in the Classic and Postclassic eras predating their recording by Spanish sources.

Each day in the Haab' calendar was identified by a day number in the month followed by the name of the month. Day numbers began with a glyph translated as the "seating of" a named month, which is usually regarded as day 0 of that month, although a minority treat it as day 20 of the month preceding the named month. In the latter case, the seating of Pop is day 5 of Wayeb'. For the majority, the first day of the year was 0 Pop (the seating of Pop). This was followed by 1 Pop, 2 Pop as far as 19 Pop then 0 Wo, 1 Wo and so on. As a calendar for keeping track of the seasons, the Haab' was crude and inaccurate, since it treated the year as having 365 days, and ignored the extra quarter day (approximately) in the actual tropical year. This meant that the seasons moved with respect to the calendar year by a quarter day each year, so that the calendar months named after particular seasons no longer corresponded to these seasons after a few centuries. The Haab' is equivalent to the wandering 365-day year of the ancient Egyptians. Some argue that the Maya knew about and compensated for the quarter day error

Even though their calendar did not include anything comparable to a leap year, a method first implemented by the Romans.

The five nameless days at the end of the calendar, called Wayeb', were thought to be a dangerous time. Foster (2002) writes "During Wayeb, portals between the mortal realm and the Underworld dissolved. No boundaries prevented the ill-intending deities from causing disasters." To ward off these evil spirits, the Maya had customs and rituals they practiced during Wayeb'. For example, people avoided leaving their houses or washing or combing their hair.

Neither the Tzolk'in nor the Haab' system numbered the years. The combination of a Tzolk'in date and a Haab' date was enough to identify a date to most people's satisfaction, as such a combination did not occur again for another 52 years, above general life expectancy. Because the two calendars were based on 260 days and 365 days respectively, the whole cycle would repeat itself every 52 Haab' years exactly. This period was known as a Calendar Round. The end of the Calendar Round was a period of unrest and bad luck among the Maya, as they waited in expectation to see if the gods would grant them another cycle of 52 years.

Since Calendar Round dates can only distinguish in 18,980 days, equivalent to around 52 solar years, the cycle repeats roughly once each lifetime, and thus, a more refined method of dating was needed if history was to be recorded accurately. To measure dates, therefore, over periods longer than 52 years, Mesoamericans devised the Long Count calendar. The Maya name for a day was k'in. Twenty of these k'ins are known as a winal or uinal. Eighteen winals make one tun. Twenty tuns are known as a k'atun. Twenty k'atuns make a b'ak'tun. The Long Count calendar identifies a date by counting the number of days from August 11, 3114 BCE in the proleptic Gregorian calendar or September 6 in the Julian calendar. But instead of using a base-10 (decimal) scheme like Western numbering, the Long Count days were tallied in a modified base-20 scheme. Thus us. is equal to 25, and us. is equal to 40. As the winal unit resets after only counting to 18, the Long Count consistently uses base-20 only if the tun is considered the primary unit of measurement, not the k'in. with the k'in and winal units being the number of days in the tun. The Long Count us. represents 360 days, rather than the 400 in a purely base-20 (vigesimal) count.

There are also four rarely-used higher-order cycles. piktun, kalabtun, k'inchiltun, and alautun. Since the Long Count dates are unambiguous, the Long Count was particularly well suited to use on monuments. The monumental inscriptions would not only include the 5 digits of the Long Count, but would also include the two tzolk'in characters followed by the two haab' characters. The Mesoamerican Long Count calendar forms the basis for a New Age belief, first forecast by José Argüelles, that a cataclysm will take place on or about December 21, 2012, a forecast that mainstream Mayanist scholars consider a misinterpretation, yet is commonly referenced in pop-culture media as the 2012 problem.

Another important calendar for the Maya was the Venus cycle. The Maya were skilled astronomers, and could calculate the Venus cycle with extreme accuracy. There are six pages in the Dresden Codex (one of the Maya codices) devoted to the accurate calculation of the location of Venus. The Maya were able to achieve such accuracy by careful observation over many years. There are various theories as to why Venus cycle was especially important for the Maya, including the belief that it was associated with war and used it to divine good times (called electional astrology) for coronations and war. Maya rulers planned for wars to begin when Venus rose. The Maya also possibly tracked other planets’ movements, including those of Mars, Mercury, and Jupiter.

(February 1982). "The Origin of the Maya Solar Calendar". Current Anthropology (Chicago, IL. University of Chicago Press, sponsored by Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research) 23 (1). 101–103. doi.

(1997). Cycles of the Sun, Mysteries of the Moon. The Calendar in Mesoamerican Civilization (online reproduction by author ed.). Austin. University of Texas Press. ISBN us. OCLC us.

Maya Calendar and Links on diagnosis2012.co. uk (The calculator uses the proleptic Gregorian calendar, with a number of links to other Maya calendar sites.)

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Posted here in full text are the oral argument calendars published in the last 120 hours by the California Supreme Court and the California Court of Appeal. Calendars are provided in Word and Adobe Acrobat formats. Use the list below to select the calendars you want to view.

The ancient Egyptians began numbering their years when the star Sirius rose at the same place as the Sun. The Egyptian calendar was the first solar calendar and contained 365 days. These were divided into 12 30-day months and five days of festival (Neugebauer 1969). From astronomical calculations, Sirius and the Sun coincided in 4241 and 2773 BC, so either of these could have served as Egyptian Year 1. The calendar used by the ancient Greeks was based on the Moon, and is known as the Metonic calendar. This calendar was based on the observations of Meton of Athens (ca.440 BC), which showed that 235 lunar months made up almost exactly 19 solar years. This 19-year cycle became known as the Metonic cycle. However, given a nominal twelve-month year, an additional lunar months needed to be added to synchronize the cycle. These were added in years 3, 5, 8, 11, 13, 16, and 19 of the cycle. Around 325 BC, Callippus modified the calendar by noting that 4 19-year Metonic cycles with 940 months were very close to 27,759 days. This is called the Callipic cycle. Hipparchus noted that an even more accurate cycle (now called the Hipparchic cycle) consisted of four Callipic cycles less a day, in which days were very nearly 3760 months. However, neither system was widely used. A lunar-based calendar is still used by some religious sects to determine holidays. Easter, for instance, generally occurs on the first Sunday following the first full moon after the vernal equinox, although the actual scheme is a bit more complicated still (Montes). Prior to 46 BC, the Roman calendar, or what has been reconstructed of it, is described as a mess. The Romans calendar originally started the year with the vernal equinox and consisted of 10 months (Martius, Aprilis, Maius, Junius, Quntilis, Sextilis, September, October, November, and December) having a total of 304 days. The numbers still embedded in the last four months of the year are the fossil of this (September, October, November, and December, contain the Latin roots for the numerals seven, eight, nine, and ten, but now fall on the ninth, tenth, eleventh and twelfth months of the year). The 304 days were followed by an unnamed, unnumbered period in winter. The Roman emperor Numa Pompilius ( us. BC) introduced February and January between January and March, increasing the length of the year to 354 or 355 days. Then in 450 BC, February was moved to its current position. In the year 46 BC, the Greek Sosigenes convinced Julius Caesar to reform the calendar to a more manageable form. The Julian calendar consisted of cycles of three 365-day years followed by a 366-day leap year.

Although a great improvement over the Metonic calendar, the Julian calendar was still not quite in synchronization with the seasons. The Venerable Bede, an English scholar who lived from us., noted that the vernal equinox had slipped three days earlier than the traditional March 21. The Julian calendar remained in use, however, until replaced by the Gregorian calendar in the late sixteenth century. Although the Roman abbot Dionysius Exiguus proposed that the years be numbered from the birth of Christ in about 524 (Boyer 1968, p.272), Bede was the first to actually date events from the birth of Christ. This system gives rise to the familiar classification of dates as BC or AD (also sometimes denoted BCE and CE). Interestingly enough, probably because the concept for zero was not widely used in Europe at the time, this method of dating omits the year zero, so that the year 1 BC is followed immediately by the year 1 AD. In any case, whoever zeroed the calendar made an error, since the Bible says Jesus was alive in Herod's time, but Roman records showed that Herod died in what turns out to be 4 BC. The German astronomer Christoph Clavius ( us. ) was the motivating force behind the needed revision of the Julian calendar. The reform brought the calendar back in synchronization with the seasons (which now occurred 11 days earlier that their traditional dates), and altered the rules under which leap years occurred. By the new rules, the years that were divisible by 400 were leap years, while other century years were not. These modifications were sufficient to match almost precisely the length of the tropical year. The reform was first adopted by Pope Gregory XIII, who decreed that the day after October 4, 1582 would be October 15, 1582. This decree was followed by the Catholic countries of France, Spain, Portugal, and Italy. Various Catholic German countries (Germany was not yet unified), Belgium, the Netherlands, and Switzerland followed suit within a year or two, and Hungary followed in 1587. Because of the Pope's decree, the reform of the Julian calendar came to be known as the Gregorian calendar. The rest of Europe did not follow suit for more than a century. The Protestant German countries adopted the Gregorian reform in 1700. By this time, the calendar trailed the seasons by twelve days. England finally followed suit in 1752, declaring that Wednesday, September 2, 1752 was immediately followed by Thursday, September 14, 1752 as shown in the below calendar. The English calendar was also used in America. English Calendar.

Sweden followed England's lead in 1753. Russia, however, did not follow suit until 1918, when January 31, 1918 was immediately followed by February 14th. In fact, Russia is not on the Gregorian calendar, but on a more accurate one of their own devising. The Russian calendar is designed to more closely approximate the true length of the tropical year, thus has one additional rule for when a year is a leap year. It will remain in synchronization with the Gregorian calendar for thousands more years, by which time one or both will have probably fallen into disuse. Similarly, Iranian calendar is also a more accurate version of the Gregorian calendar (Ross). The names of the days of the week were derived from gods, planets, and--in some languages--metals. These name were later carried over to almost all modern European languages, though the names may sound different. In English, Wednesday is derived from a form of the Norse god Odin and Thursday from the Norse God Thor. During the French Revolution, the French invented and put into use a new French revolutionary calendar. The Revolutionary calendar was established in October 1793, but Year I was made effective on September 22, 1792 (the autumnal equinox). The Revolutionary calendar had 12 months of 30 days, plus 5 or 6 leap days (with a rule for leap years). The French Revolutionary calendar was abolished when Napoleon re-instituted the Gregorian calendar on December 31, 1805. The Julian calendar still remains in some use, since it is the basis of the system of the Julian date, devised by Clavius' contemporary Julian Scaliger ( us. ). (In addition, some religious sects still calculate holidays based on the Julian calendar.) The name for this system, incidentally, was from Julius Scaliger, not Julius Caesar. In it, Scaliger defined Day One was as a day when three cycles converged on it. The first cycle was the 28 year period over which the Julian calendar repeats. (After 28 years, all the dates fall on the same days of the week, so you need only buy 28 calendars. Note that since the Gregorian calendar was adopted the calendar now takes 400 years to repeat.) The second was the 19 year Metonic cycle, over which phases of the moon almost land on the same dates of the year. The third cycle was the 15 year ancient Roman tax cycle. Scaliger picked January 1, 4713 BC on the Julian calendar as Day One (Seidelmann 1992, p.55). I don't know the significance for picking this date as opposed to any other triple convergence date. After Julian date One, subsequent Julian dates are sequential. Therefore, midnight before January 1, 1982 is Julian Date 2,444,970.5. The modified Julian date system, defined as the Julian date minus 2,400,000.5, is also occasionally used by astronomers, but not so frequently in recent years. The Julian and Gregorian calendars differ by 13 days in the 20th and 21st Centuries. They would have been in synchronization during the 3rd Century. The following table gives the dates corresponding to January 1, 1989 in the Gregorian calendar for various other calendar systems (Astronomical Almanac).

*begins at sunset AD, Aztec Calendar, Babylonian Calendar, BC, BCE, Besselian Epoch, Chinese Calendar, CE, Egyptian Calendar, French Revolutionary Calendar, Gregorian Calendar, Hebrew Calendar, Hindu Calendar, Iranian Calendar, Islamic Calendar, Julian Calendar, Julian Date, Julian Epoch, Mayan Calendar, Roman Calendar, Time

Berlekamp, E. R.. Conway, J. H.. and Guy, R. K. Winning Ways for Your Mathematical Plays, Vol.2. Games in Particular. New York. Academic Press, pp us., 1982. Bickerman, E. J. Chronology of the Ancient World, rev. ed. London. Thames and Hudson, 1980. Boyer, C. B. A History of Mathematics. New York. Wiley, 1968. Dershowitz, N. and Reingold, E. M. Calendrical Calculations. The Millennium Edition. Cambridge, England. Cambridge University Press, 1999. Doggett, L. E. Calendars. Ch.12 in Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac (Ed. P. K.Seidelmann). Mill Valley, CA. University Science Books, pp us., 1992.

Duffett-Smith, P. Calendars. 1 in Practical Astronomy with Your Calculator, 3rd ed. Cambridge, England. Cambridge University Press, pp.1-2, 1992. Gill, H. S. About. com Ancient/Classical History.

Kraitchik, M. The Calendar. Ch.5 in Mathematical Recreations. New York. W. W.Norton, pp us., 1942. Lee, S. E. Calendar Conversions.

Neugebauer, O. The Exact Sciences in Antiquity, 2nd ed. New York. Dover, pp.80-91, 1969. Parise, F. (Ed.). The Book of Calendars. New York. Facts on File. Ross, K. L. Iranian Calendars.

Schocken, W. A. The Calculated Confusion of the Calendar. New York. Vantage Press, 1976. Seidelmann, P. K. (Ed.). Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac. Mill Valley, CA. University Science Books, 1992. Stockton, J. John Stockton's Date Time Miscellany.

United States Government Printing Office. Astronomical Almanac for the Year 2000. Washington, DC. U. S.Government Printing Office, p. B2, 2000. Vardi, I. The Calendar. Ch.3 in Computational Recreations in Mathematica. Reading, MA. Addison-Wesley, pp.35-55, 1991. Vardi, I. Calendar. m.

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The Calendar component is a UI control that enables users to choose one or more dates from a graphical calendar presented in a single month or multi month interface. Calendars are generated entirely via script and can be navigated without any page refreshes. You'll find the Calendar Control to be a useful and easy-to-implement enhancement to any date-selection interaction. you may also find that the Calendar's foundation classes are a good place to start for more complex interfaces that visually organize date-tagged information (like appointments, photos, events, etc.).

To use the Calendar Control, include the JS source files for Calendar and its dependencies in your web page along with the default CSS file, as shown below.

Class name to an element that is a parent of the element in which the YUI Calendar Control lives. You can usually accomplish this simply by putting the class on the

For a simple Calendar implementation, the only markup you need on the page is a DIV element into which the Calendar can be rendered.

Passing the constructor at least one argument. the id of (or a reference to) the DIV element on the page into which the control should be inserted. For a single page Calendar, this DIV element should be otherwise empty. // A DIV with id "cal1Container" should already exist on the page var cal1 = new YAHOO. widget. Calendar("cal1Container"). cal1.render(). The full constructor for Calendar looks like this.

Is the ID that should be assigned to the Calendar instance's table element (the table will be created by the Calendar instance when it is rendered). If not provided, the ID will be generated from the container's ID by adding an "_t" suffix

Is the ID of the HTML element where the Calendar will be inserted, or a reference to the element itself (this element must already exist on the page). In the case of an HTMLElement reference being provided, if it does not have an ID one will be generated for it using

NOTE. Prior to 2.4.0, the Calendar constructor required at least 2 arguments, id and containerId. As of 2.4.0, the calendar constructor has a simpler and more flexible form. The only required argument is the id of the containing HTMLElement (or a reference to the containing HTMLElement) as shown above. The older signature, which requires both a calendar id and a container id is still fully supported. You can continue to use it if you need a specific id set on the Calendar. The basic single month Calendar, with the default YUI Sam Skin, looks like this. See a functional calendar example.

By default, the Calendar is set to the current month and enables the selection of a single Calendar date. In addition to the HTML IDs described above, Calendar can accept an optional configuration object that allows various configuration attributes to be set. The configuration attributes are passed to the constructor in the form of an object literal. For example. var cal1 = new YAHOO. widget. Calendar(cal1, cal1Container, { pagedate.5/2007, selected.5/5/2007-5/27/2007,5/30/2007 } ). cal1.render(). There are three different ways to set properties for Calendar and CalendarGroup. In the code examples that follow, each of these three approaches is illustrated in setting Calendar's

Property. // 1. In the constructor, via an object literal. var myCalendar = new YAHOO. widget. Calendar(myCalendar, myCalendarContainer, { selected.1/1/2007-1/7/2007 }). myCalendar. render(). // 2. Via queueProperty and fireQueue. var myCalendar = new YAHOO. widget. Calendar(myCalendar, myCalendarContainer). myCalendar. cfg. queueProperty(selected,1/1/2007-1/7/2007,false). myCalendar. cfg. fireQueue(). myCalendar. render(). // 3. Via setProperty var myCalendar = new YAHOO. widget. Calendar(myCalendar, myCalendarContainer). myCalendar. cfg. setProperty(selected,1/1/2007-1/7/2007,false). myCalendar. render(). The following table contains an itemization of Calendar's frequently used configuration properties. Use the syntax patterns described above in this section to use these configuration properties in your Calendar implementation. NOTE. Most visual configuration properties require a call to

Before changes become visible, as indicated in the "Render Required" column. This call can either be made explicitly as in the above examples, or the Calendar or CalendarGroup ends up calling it internally, when the page is changed

Sets the calendar's visible month and year. If set using a string, the default string format is mm/yyyy.

Sets the calendar's selected dates. The built-in default date format is MM/DD/YYYY. Ranges are defined using MM/DD/YYYY-MM/DD/YYYY. Month/day combinations are defined using MM/DD. Any combination of these can be combined by delimiting the string with commas. For example. 12/24/2005,12/25/2005,1/18/2006-1/21/2006

Sets the Calendar's minimum selectable date, either in the form of a Javascript Date object, or a string date (e. g. 4/12/2007).

Sets the Calendar's maximum selectable date, either in the form of a Javascript Date object, or a string date (e. g. 4/12/2007).

Configures the CalendarNavigator (Year Selector) feature for the Calendar. If set to true, the Calendar's Year Selector functionality is enabled. The CalendarNavigator's configuration can be customized (strings, month format etc.) by setting this property to an object literal as defined in the Navigator Configuration Object documentation.

The image path used for the left navigation arrow. As of version 2.2.0, this property has been deprecated. See Customizing Calendar Images

The image path used for the right navigation arrow. As of version 2.2.0, this property has been deprecated. See Customizing Calendar Images

Creating a 2 month Calendar follows the same pattern seen above with the single month Calendar. To create a 2 month Calendar, instantiate

NOTE. Prior to 2.4.0, the CalendarGroup constructor also required at least 2 arguments, id and containerId. As of 2.4.0 the CalendarGroup constructor also has a simpler and more flexible format as mentioned above for the Calendar constructor. The 2 Month Calendar, with the default YUI Sam Skin, looks like this. See a functional example of the CalendarGroup control which display 3 months together.

The default Calendar or CalendarGroup UI, does not provide a mechanism to jump directly to a given month/year, which can be useful in applications where the dates, or range of dates, to be selected spans multiple years (e. g. a "Date of Birth" picker). 2.4.0 introduces a

Configuration option which when enabled, provides a UI to allow the user to directly jump to a given month/year. The navigator is popped up when the user clicks on the Month/Year label. The Calendar, with CalendarNavigator displayed, looks like this. The default implementation allows you to use the arrow up/arrow down and page up/page down keys when focused on the year input box, to increment or decrement the year in minor

Intervals (NOTE. The page up/page down functionality is not supported for Opera9 on MacOS, due to an inability to prevent default behavior, but the arrow keys can still be used). The CalendarNavigator functional example walks you through enabling and configuring this feature.

Method. This method returns a sorted array of JavaScript Date objects. // Initialize and render the Calendar var cal1 = new YAHOO. widget. Calendar("cal1Container"). cal1.render(). // Later in your application, when you need the selected dates var arrDates = cal1.getSelectedDates(). for (var i = 0. i < arrDates. length. ++i) { var date = arrDates[i]. // Work with selected date. // var displayMonth = date. getMonth() + 1. // var displayYear = date. getFullYear(). // var displayDate = date. getDate(). } Another common way of working with selected dates, especially when responding to user selection, is by listening for the

The Calendar component has built in support for internationalization. To modify the locale settings, simply set the appropriate configuration attributes. var cal1 = new YAHOO. widget. Calendar("cal1","cal1Container"). // Correct formats for Germany. dd. mm. yyyy, dd. mm, mm. yyyy cal1.cfg. setProperty("DATE_FIELD_DELIMITER", "."). cal1.cfg. setProperty("MDY_DAY_POSITION", 1). cal1.cfg. setProperty("MDY_MONTH_POSITION", 2). cal1.cfg. setProperty("MDY_YEAR_POSITION", 3). cal1.cfg. setProperty("MD_DAY_POSITION", 1). cal1.cfg. setProperty("MD_MONTH_POSITION", 2). // Date labels for German locale cal1.cfg. setProperty("MONTHS_SHORT", ["Jan", "Feb", "M\u00E4r", "Apr", "Mai", "Jun", "Jul", "Aug", "Sep", "Okt", "Nov", "Dez"]). cal1.cfg. setProperty("MONTHS_LONG", ["Januar", "Februar", "M\u00E4rz", "April", "Mai", "Juni", "Juli", "August", "September", "Oktober", "November", "Dezember"]). cal1.cfg. setProperty("WEEKDAYS_1CHAR", ["S", "M", "D", "M", "D", "F", "S"]). cal1.cfg. setProperty("WEEKDAYS_SHORT", ["So", "Mo", "Di", "Mi", "Do", "Fr", "Sa"]). cal1.cfg. setProperty("WEEKDAYS_MEDIUM",["Son", "Mon", "Die", "Mit", "Don", "Fre", "Sam"]). cal1.cfg. setProperty("WEEKDAYS_LONG", ["Sonntag", "Montag", "Dienstag", "Mittwoch", "Donnerstag", "Freitag", "Samstag"]). cal1.render(). See functional examples of German and Japanese Calendars. Calendar supports the following propreties that can be individually configured using the

Position in which the month name is rendered in the Month/Year label in the Calendar header (e. g. "January" in "January 2008")

Position in which the year number is rendered in the Month/Year label in the Calendar header (e. g. "2008" in "January 2008")

String suffix to render after the month name in the Month/Year label in the Calendar header (e. g. " de " in "Julho de 2008")

Styling the Calendar is as easy as writing some custom CSS. The Calendar is semantically styled with built-in CSS classes representing the year, month, week, weekday, and day of the month. Each is defined using a basic CSS class name.

As of release 2.2.0 all default Calendar images are defined using CSS rules in calendar. css and hence can be modified by simply overriding the background property for these default rules. In addition to making it easier to customize Calendar images, this also allows you to refer to your images with relative paths and not have to worry about SSL vs. Non-SSL absolute URLs. The default CSS class selectors used are.

So for example, to modify the close icon, left arrow and right arrow images to point to custom images under your "customimages" folder, you would add the following CSS rules to your implementation. These rules specify the custom image file URLs as well as their sizes, if they differ from the defaults. /* The size of the custom close image is the same as the default version, hence no need to override width/height */ .yui-calcontainer .calclose { background. url("/customimages/myCloseImage. gif") no-repeat. } /* Custom arrow images override background image url and width/height properties */ .yui-calendar .calnavleft { background. url("/customimages/my12x12LeftArrow. gif") no-repeat. width.12px. height.12px. } .yui-calendar .calnavright { background. url("/customimages/my12x12RightArrow. gif") no-repeat. width.12px. height.12px. } NOTE. These rules will be prefixed with the default YUI Sam Skin class (

), if you're working with Calendar's Sam Skin CSS file. See YUI's skinning reference article for more details about prefixing skin related CSS rules with a skin class. Versions of Calendar prior to 2.2.0 provided two configuration properties, NAV_ARROW_LEFT and NAV_ARROW_RIGHT, to allow for the customization of the left and right arrow images. These properties have been deprecated. Additionally the IMG_ROOT property has also been deprecated since images can be pulled in either relatively (to the css file) or absolutely through the CSS rules. If you are using these properties to customize Calendar images your code will still work as expected but it is recommended that you move over to the new CSS rules as soon as possible.

The contents of the Calendar's cells can be customized by overriding the Calendar Control's events and rendering methods. The primary way to specify rendering behavior for a date or group of dates is by using the

Which means that, if this rule is processed, no more rendering rules should be processed after it. renderCellNotThisMonth = function(workingDate, cell) { YAHOO. util. Dom. addClass(cell, this. Style. CSS_CELL_OOM). cell. innerHTML=workingDate. getDate(). return YAHOO. widget. Calendar. STOP_RENDER. } Render rules are processed in a LIFO ("last in, first out," or stack) method, where the last renderer added will be the first processed.

The calendar also has several events (see the API documentation for the Calendar Control) that can be subscribed to, to alter the calendar's behavior.

NOTE. As of 2.3.0, Calendar's select(), selectCell(), deselect() and deselectCell() have been fixed, so that attempting to select/deselect invalid dates programmatically (e. g. dates which are before or after the min/max date settings) does not change the Calendar state, mirroring the behavior when attempting to select such dates using the UI. In cases where you attempt to programmatically select/deselect dates which are invalid, state change events will not be fired, since the Calendar state will not have changed. See the release notes for more details on this change. When using YAHOO. widget. Calendar or YAHOO. widget. CalendarGroup, events can be subscribed to on the instance.

The YUI Calendar Control works without any major issues on the Nokia N95 and Apple iPhone default browsers and we'd expect similar behavior on other A-Grade-based mobile browsers. The default Sam Skin implementation for Calendar works well for mobile devices devices also. It provides enough whitespace around UI targets, such as navigation buttons and cells, so as to be usable on touch-screen devices like the iPhone along with their zoom capabilities. If you do wish to optimize the mobile experience for users, you may consider serving up custom skin CSS based on the user agent strings for the mobile browser. The YAHOO mobile section has an example of how to parse the user agent string on the client. the same logic can be applied on the server also. Some things you may want to modify when creating a custom skin.

This targets the table. You could also target the calendar container, or change the default font size for the page as a whole.

Zoom Support. The iPhone will allow you to zoom into a specific bounding box on the page. For example, double-tapping on the Calendar's navigation bar

Will zoom you in to the width of Calendar control, whereas double-tapping on a cell will zoom you into the bounding box for the cell

You could consider increasing the size of double-tap targets, so that the user has an easily targetable area to zoom into the Calendar as a whole, as well as the cells. Related CSS rules.

Please enter a year after A. D. 325 (see text below). Ecclesiastical Calendar for which year. A. D. Orthodox - New Calendarists Orthodox - Old Calendarists Western

Here is a list of Orthodox Easter dates listed in the Julian Calendar or the Gregorian Calendar, us. Here is a list of Western Easter dates AD us. Here is a list of years with the same Julian date or Gregorian date of Orthodox Easter, AD us. Here is a list of years with the same date of Western Easter, AD us. Here is a Table of the frequency of the difference between the dates of Orthodox and Western Easter, AD 1583 to AD 3000.

Many Feasts in the Catholic calendar, usually celebrations of events in the lives of Jesus or Mary. (These Feasts may or may not be celebrated by other Christian denominations.)

An important note for historians and people using these dates for research. Even though the Gregorian calendar was adopted into use by the Catholic Church and many Catholic areas of Europe in AD 1582 October, many areas did not adopt the Gregorian Calendar, the new method of determining Easter, or both, until later. A good review is given in reference (1). For example, England and its dominions did not accept the Gregorian Calendar or the new method of determining Easter until 1752. thus, Easter in England prior to 1753 was determined using the same algorithm as that of the Orthodox Church. I have summarized some information on the Orthodox Ecclesiastical Calendar and an algorithm by Gauss to calculate the date of the Orthodox Easter.

For the previous four sentences.] Aloisius Lilius (d. 1576) devised the system that would become the basis of the Gregorian Calendar, as well as the tables that would be used to determine the date of Easter. Christoph Clavius modified the tables slightly, and was one of the prime defenders of the Gregorian calendar. The tables used to determine the date of Easter (in the West) since AD 1583 are these modified tables of Clavius. All algorithms for calculating the date of Easter since then are based on these tables. Easter is the Sunday after the Paschal Full Moon. The Paschal Full Moon may occur from March 21 through April 18, inclusive. Thus the date of Easter is from March 22 through April 25, inclusive. The date of the Paschal full moon is determined from tables, and it may differ from the date of the the actual full moon by up to two days. This definition, along with tables, etc. may be found in "The Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Ephemeris and American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac". This definition that uses tables instead of actual observations of the full moon is useful and necessary since the the full moon may occur on different (local, not UT) dates depending where you are in the world. If the date of Easter was based on local observations, then it would be possible for different parts of the world to celebrate Easter on different dates in the same year. To further confuse the issue, many countries did not start using the Gregorian calendar in October 1582, so Easter in those countries was celebrated at times different than is listed here UNTIL they began using the Gregorian calendar. And some countries that switched to the Gregorian calendar used a different definition of Easter for some time (parts of Germany and Sweden used tables based on the observations of Tycho Brahe to determine Easter for many years after the Gregorian calendar was adopted in those locations). A reasonably comprehensive list of when nations started to use the Gregorian Calendar may be found in reference (1) and in the Calendar FAQ. An interesting upshot of the algorithm is that the cycle of Easter dates (in the Gregorian Calendar) repeats every 5,700,000 years - and no sooner! (See the Calendar FAQ for why the period has this particular length.) Using the algorithms, I have calculated the distribution of the Gregorian Easter dates over various periods of time. You may view the frequency of the date of Easter over one complete 5,700,000 year cycle, or over the first complete 400 year Gregorian Calendar cycle, or over a more contemporary timespan of 1875 to 2124.

In 1876. This particular algorithm uses just integer math. The algorithm is valid for all years in the Gregorian calendar, that is October 1582 and onwards. Carter's algorithm is a more simple method for calculating the date of Easter and it is valid only from 1900 until 2099. Doggett's modification of Oudin's algorithm is easy to use and is valid after AD 1583. Mallen's method is another general, easy to use method. Some published methods do not for work for all years, and the method at this link from the 11th Edition

There are many reasons to expect that all methods of determining the date of Easter will not be valid in the far future. The prime physical reason is that the length of the day is increasing, thus the number of days in a year is slowly decreasing. The current rate of increase in the length of the day implies that the Gregorian calendar will need to neglect a leap year sometime in the 4th or 5th millenium. A greater likelihood is that some time in the near future the date of Easter may be fixed to a particular Sunday. At Vatican II, Pope John XXIII stated that there was nothing wrong with fixing the date of Easter. And there seems to be broad support in the World Council of Churches for a fixed celebration of Easter. According to the

The second Sunday in April is the most favored date. Fixing the date of Easter to a particular Sunday would still mean that Easter and the Feasts related to it would be movable, but the movement would be restricted to a span of seven dates (for example, the second Sunday in April must fall between April 8th-14th). Most of the discussion on this issue appears to have happened in the 1960's-1970's, but there is a press release from the Aleppo meeting of the World Council of Churches that discusses new proposals for fixing the date of Easter for all of Chrisitianity. The press release is dated 1997 March 24, and the basic suggestion is to use astronomical measurements of the vernal equinox and the full moon at the meridian of Jerusalem in order to determine the date of Easter. The authors of the proposal wanted this method to be adopted in the year 2001. Currently no Church has adopted this proposal. Please visit William Morris' New Easter Dates website for a comparison of Easter dates in the Gregorian and Orthodox Calendars, along withdates calculated using the Aleppo proposal, and dates calculated as the Sunday after Passover.

Once we have determined a date of the year and a day of the week, we can fix each date of the year to a day of the week. While my algorithm uses Easter to do this, general algorithms exist that allow the determination of the day of the week for a particular year (see the Calendar FAQ). Sundays in Advent are determined in the following straightforward method. First, the feast of Christ the King is the Sunday on or after 20 November. the First Sunday of Advent is the Sunday on or after 27 Nov.. the Second Sunday of Advent is on or after 4 Dec.. the 3rd Sunday of Advent is on or after 11 Dec.. finally, the 4th Sunday of Advent is on or after 18 Dec. The day of the week that Christmas falls on can then be easily determined. Other Feasts that are listed by the

Are. The Solemnity of Mary on 1 January. Epiphany on 6 January (traditional) or the 2nd Sunday after Christmas. The Presentation of the Lord on 2 February. The Annunciation usually on 25 March. The Transfiguration of the Lord on 6 August. The Assumption of Mary on 15 August. The Birth of Virgin Mary on 8 September. The Celebration of the Holy Cross on 14 September. The Mass of the Archangels on 29 September. and All Saints' and All Souls' on 1 November and 2 November, respectively. I still have limited the determination of these feasts to dates in the Gregorian Calendar. It is not impossible to calculate feasts for dates before then - I just have not done it. In addition, until recently some of the celebrations I list may not have been standard, defined, or celebrated on the dates currently listed. (In particular, some of the celebrations may have been celebrated on different dates before Vatican II).

The Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Ephemeris and American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac" (1961, Her Majesty's Stationery Office [QB8.G us. ]) has tables for calculating Easter, as well as the dates various countries/regions adopted the Gregorian calendar, and other very useful information on calendars and ephemerides. Many of the relevant sections may be found at Calendars and their History.

The Calendar FAQ by Claus Tondering answers many questions concerning calendars, leap years, the Christian, Hebrew, and Islamic calendars. Check this out if you want to find the algorithm for making a Hebrew calendar.

Practical Astronomy with your Calculator" (2nd Edition, 1981, Cambridge University Press) by Peter Duffett-Smith has many useful algorithms, including the calculation of the date of Easter in the Gregorian Calendar that I use.

The Gregorian Calendar" (1982 May, Scientific American, Vol. 246, No.5, p 144) by Gordon Moyer is a very good review about the adoption of the Gregorian Calendar.

A note about different calendars. dates in the Hebrew, Islamic, Julian, ISO, Mayan, French Revolutionary and Julian (astronomical) date calendar, as well as their correspondence to dates in the Gregorian calendar may be found using the "calendar" mode in the Free Software Foundation's GNU Emacs (at least since version us. - it may have been available in earlier versions, too). To get to calendar mode in these versions of Emacs, use the sequence "Meta-x calendar". This will keep you occupied if you enjoy calendars.

Today's Calendar and Clock Page has links to information and calendars from many different types, including (but not limited to) Jewish, Islamic, and Chinese.

Kenneth Bath's ROMCAL Version 3, C source code for a program to generate a Roman Catholic Calendar, including support for generating color PostScript and HTML calendars.

There are 100's of 2009 calendars to choose from so you should be able treat yourself and find the perfect gift for any friend, relative or work colleague. Stocks are limited by how many suppliers print so please try to order early as we don't want you to be disappointed.

Simplify. Organize. (And relax.) Organizing your schedule shouldn't be a burden. That's why we've created Google Calendar our free online shareable calendar service. With Google Calendar, it's easy to keep track of all your life's important events birthdays, reunions, little league games, doctor's appointments all in one place. Using Google Calendar, you can add events and invitations effortlessly, share with friends and family (or keep things to yourself), and search across the web for events you might enjoy. It's organizing made easy.

Gmail now recognizes when messages mention events, and you can add those events to your calendar with just a couple clicks.

Calendar Sharing. Set up a calendar for your company softball team, and share it with the whole roster. (Your shortstop will never forget about practice again.) Or share with friends and family so you can view each other's schedules side by side. Invitations. Create event invitations, send them to friends, and keep track of people's responses and comments, all in one place. Your friends can receive your invitation and post responses even if they don't use Google Calendar themselves. Quick Add. Click anywhere on your calendar where an event belongs (or use the Quick Add link), and start typing. Google Calendar understands whole phrases like "Brunch with mom at Java Cafe 11am on Saturday," and will pop new events right into your agenda. Gmail Integration. Add your friend's Super Bowl party to your calendar without ever leaving your Gmail inbox. Gmail now recognizes events mentioned in emails. Search. Find the date of the Baxter family BBQ (you knew it was sometime this summer). Or, search public calendars to discover new events you're interested in and add them to your own calendar. Mobile Access. Receive event reminders and notifications on your mobile phone. Event Publishing. Share your organization's events with the world. Learn more with our Event Publisher Guide.

Languages. The interface is currently available in English, French, Italian, German, Spanish, Danish, Dutch, Norwegian, Finnish, Swedish, Russian, Chinese-Simplified, Chinese-Traditional, Korean, Japanese, Portuguese and Polish. You can enter calendar information in many other languages, too.

How do I sign up? If you already have a Google Account, just visit the Google Calendar homepage, enter your username and password, and click "Sign in." If you don't yet have an account, you can create one now. Does Google Calendar connect to other calendar applications and devices? Yes. Google Calendar uses open calendar standards to give you more choice when it comes to accessing your calendar. You can view your schedule using any application or device that accepts iCal or XML files. Learn more Can I import events from Microsoft Outlook or other calendar programs? Absolutely. You can import information from other popular calendar applications – like Microsoft Outlook and Yahoo! Calendar – quickly and easily. Learn more Can I set limits on the info I share with others? Yes. You control how much you share, and who you share it with. For instance, you can let Aunt Jane see details about your ballet recitals but not your Lambada lessons. Friends and organizations can share their calendar info with you, too, and you can view it alongside your own agenda. What about privacy? Will Google share my information? Google takes your privacy as seriously as our own. We won't share your personal information with anyone, except only under the limited circumstances described in our privacy policy. For more details, please refer to the "Information sharing" section of our Privacy Policy and the Google Calendar Privacy Policy. I have more specific questions about using Google Calendar. What should I do? Please visit the Google Calendar Help Center.

What are the Calendars? A published daily record that shows the status of all bills. The Calendar serves as a program for the Legislative day, setting forth the order of business and designating the particular bills and resolutions to be taken up. What's in the Calendars? - The Order of business - Bill Reference - Messages from the Governor - Messages from the House/Senate - Final Actions on Bills and Concurrent Resolutions - Bill Status and Resolutions - Bills in House/Senate Committees - House/Senate Committee Agenda - House/Senate Committee Meeting Schedule

Find your Legislator by name, city, county, district # or committee Chief Clerk of the House Secretary of the Senate Kansas Division of Printing How are the Calendars created and distributed? Legislative Glossary Legislative Procedure Manual Federal Sources

DownloadRIF's monthly activity calendars, which provide engagingreading and writing activity suggestionsto last a month!

Home - About RIF - Donate - Get Involved - Coordinators - Educators - Parents - RIF Reading Planet - Leading to ReadingContact Us - Calendar - Newsroom - Donate to RIF - FAQ - Link to Us - Privacy Policy - Site Map 2008 Reading Is Fundamental, Inc. Reading Is Fundamental, RIF, and the RIF logo design are all registered service marks of Reading Is Fundamental, Inc.

Home Page for Calendar Reform. This site describes some interesting attempts to produce calendars conferring various advantages lacking in the Gregorian (simpler, more even distribution of days, more politically correct, etc.)

Kairos. General Calendar Conversion program. Windows software supporting about a dozen calendars, including Indian, Persian, Hebrew, Turkish, and Chinese, plus planetary positions, lunar phases, date of Easter, and horoscopes. It is mostly oriented toward historians, who commonly run into problems with the odd behaviors of ancient calendars. A demo version, limited to dates in the 17th century Gregorian, is available. A "full", unlimited version costs 75 GBP (British pounds).

Currently, there is source available for the Republican, Islamic, Hebrew, Julian, Gregorian, Persian, and Chinese calendars.

Frequently Asked Questions about Calendars. Covers some of the above calendars, plus the Mayan calendars. Adds some historical background on the Julian and Gregorian calendars.

Covers most of the above calendars, plus the Coptic and Indian calendars. The (French) Republican calendar. The French Republican Calendar was established in 1793 and abolished in 1806. it's only of historical interest now, and was apparently never used outside of France. But it does shed light on the idealistic psychology of the Republic. it reflects a true optimistic belief that a new age of reason was dawning. Under the Republic, almost everything "old" and "irrational" was to be replaced by new, rational thinking. Feet, inches, and pounds were thrown out to make way for the metric system. the clumsy units of hours, minutes, and seconds were replaced with decimal versions. and a new calendar, with twelve months of 30 days each, was introduced. The months were. Vendmiaire (Vintage) = 22 Sep to 21 Oct (roughly) Brumaire (Mist) = 22 Oct to 20 Nov Frimaire (Frost) = 21 Nov to 20 Dec Nivse (Snow) = 21 Dec to 19 Jan Pluvise (Rain) = 20 Jan to 18 Feb Ventse (Wind) = 19 Feb to 20 Mar Germinal (Seed-time) = 21 Mar to 19 Apr Floral (Blossom) = 20 Apr to 19 May Prairial (Meadow) = 20 May to 18 Jun Messidor (Harvest) = 19 Jun to 18 Jul Thermidor (Heat) = 19 Jul to 17 Aug Fructidor (Fruit) = 18 Aug to 16 Sep The archaic, illogical, meaningless month names of the old calendar were replaced with logical, meaningful names. Months such as "July" and "August", named after utterly undemocratic Roman emperors, were discarded. The month names within each season rhyme, probably as an aid in remembering them. Instead of having the calendar start on a completely arbitrary day, 1 Vendmiaire was specified to be the day of the autumnal equinox. Using twelve 30-day months does leave five "extra" days at the end of each year (six days, in leap years). These were given the following names. Jour de la vertu (Virtue Day) Jour du genie (Genius Day) Jour du travail (Labour Day) Jour de l'opinion (Reason Day) Jour des recompenses (Rewards Day) Jour de la revolution (Revolution Day) (leap years only) The first day of the calendar, 1 Vendmiaire 1, corresponds to Gregorian 22 September 1793 (keeping in mind the Republican Calendar wasn't actually established legally until 5 October 1793). The thirty days of each month were organized into three weeks of ten days each. The Republican leaders were in part trying to evade the religious aspects of a seven-day week, and presumably also liked having a "decimal" week to match the decimal metric system and decimal clock. Some sources state that providing one day of rest every tenth day, instead of one every seven days, was an unpopular move contributing to the end of this calendar. however, Robert Golanski has pointed out the following comments from E. G. Richards, Mapping Time. The Calendar and its History, Oxford University Press 1998, p 277. "Offices, schools, shops, and tribunals were all required to close on Decadis and on Quintidi afternoons. the people thus had one and a half days off in ten (15 per cent of their live to rest in), whereas under the old system they had had one in seven days off (14.3 per cent). they were slightly better off under the new system." Unfortunately, when first devised, the French attempted to have New Years Day line up with the autumn equinox, which is not particularly regular and was probably a real pain in a world without pocket calculators. Thus, years 3, 7, 11, and 15 AR were leap years. To complicate matters, the calendar was specified to have leap years at four-year intervals. you can't do that and consistently obey the autumnal equinox rule (at some point, you have to have a five-year interval.) I haven't been able to find a simple answer as to how this was to be resolved. According to some accounts, it was never really resolved and the equinoctal rule was left in place. According to others, the calendar was to switch to a new scheme starting in 20 AR. years divisible by four would be leap years, unless also divisible by 128. This slight deviation from the Gregorian scheme, in which leap years are those divisible by four, unless divisible by 100, unless divisible by 400, is slightly simpler and gives a calendar that is much closer to the true tropical year. There are also claims that leap years were to follow the Gregorian "4, 100, 400" rule. I have no real evidence to support one scheme over the other. But I suspect that a revolution so devoted to revising every aspect of human existence that it changed names of all months, "regularized" each to be 30 days, and made a week ten days long, probably went out of its way not to produce a calendar resembling that proposed by a medieval, pre-scientific Pope. Also, the fact that it would be an almost perfect match to the tropical year would lend support to the scheme. In any case, it's ironic that the Republicans created a calendar that would be good for a hundred thousand years, considering that the Republican Calendar was abolished in Year 14, and the Republic itself didn't last much longer. Postscript. The Bureau des Longitudes, on their very useful calendar page, states that the calendar was to have every fourth year be leap, but also always start on the autumnal equinox. This contradiction in the calendar specification, according to the BDL, was one reason given for abandoning the calendar. I admit to doubts about this. it seems a relatively minor reason for such abandonment, compared to having to learn a totally new system that no one else in the world understood. But I would also expect the BDL to be especially knowledgeable about a French calendar. In the C/C++ source code for calendars, I have (somewhat arbitrarily) chosen to implement the 4/128 rule, with options for the 4/100/400 rule and an interesting algorithm for use of the equinoctal rule, described below.

Algorithm for the equinoctal form of the French Republican calendar. As is discussed in the above comments on the Republican calendar, there is some disagreement on the handling of leap years. The main problem is that the calendar was possibly to be altered starting in the year 20 AR, but by the time that came around, the calendar was no longer in use. Of the three suggested schemes for handling leap years, two result in easy computation (simpler than for any other calendar handled in the code). The third, "equinoctal" rule (in which 1 Vendmiaire, "New Years Day", is the day of the autumnal equinox as seen from Paris) is much more complex. All three methods are implemented in the C/C++ source code for calendars on this site, and if you look at

You will see how it is handled. The key is the determination of the Julian Day for 1 Vendmiaire. Most implementations of the equinoctal rule rely on doing the somewhat extensive math required to find out when the equinox occurred as seen from Paris. For my software, I wrote some code to do this once for a span of about 1600 years (from -1007 AR = 785 Gregorian to +611 AR = 2403 Gregorian), and then searched for values of delta which, in the formula JD = JD0 + year * 365 + ((year * 683 + delta) / 2820) would match long parts of that 1600-year span. (The above is very similar to the algorithm used for the Persian modern calendar, and for the algorithm appearing in the C/C++ source for the Jalali calendar. This should not be surprising. in both cases, one is attempting to "fit" a calendar of almost exactly 365 + 683 / 2820 days per year.) The comments on the Jalali calendar describe how this fitting was done. Aside from the fact that one is computing the autumnal equinox as seen from Paris instead of the spring equinox as seen from Teheran, the process involved is identical. The result was as follows. JD0 = us. for negative years. JD0 = us. for zero and positive years. For years -1007 to -815, delta = 405 For years -814 to -493, delta = 439 For years -492 to -332, delta = 498 For years -331 to -109, delta = 469 For years -108 to -1, delta = 419 For years 0 to 143, delta = 393 For years 144 to 300, delta = 322 For years 301 to 486, delta = 184 For years 487 to 610, delta = 92 The Islamic calendar. The Islamic calendar is a lunar-only calendar. It makes only a minor effort to track the solar cycle, so a given month can occur in any season. There are twelve months. Muharram (30 days) (holy month) Safar (29 days) Rabi'a I (30 days) Rabi'a II (29 days) Jumada I (30 days) Jumada II (29 days) Rajab (30 days) (holy month) Sha'ban (29 days) Ramadan (30 days) (fasting month) Shawwal Dhu (29 days) Dhu al-Q'adah (30 days) (holy month) Dhu al-Hijjah (29 days. 30 in leap years) (holy month) As you can see, months alternate between 29 and 30 days, for an average month length of 29.5 days. The actual average "lunar month" is us. days. to accommodate this, an extra day is inserted into the last month in 11 years out of every 30. The resulting calendar month is about 2.9 seconds shorter than the real lunar month. The resulting year is us. (354 + 11 / 30) days long, meaning that the months "slip" badly relative to the seasons. Originally, months always began with the first sighting of a crescent moon, and the month lengths varied irregularly, instead of being fixed in advance as described above. This gives rise to several problems, such as the fact that you cannot create a calendar in advance (though some work has been done to improve predictions of crescent visibility). Also, it meant that the "date line" moves from month to month, depending on where the moon first becomes visible. The above system, used in Guide, is also used as a "civil" calendar in some Muslim countries. The Islamic calendar begins with 16 July 622 (Julian calendar), which corresponds to 1 Muharram 1. Be aware that there is some dissent on the subject of this starting point, with some sources stating that the date should be 15 July 622. The Hebrew calendar. The Hebrew calendar is the official calendar of Israel and of the Jewish faith. Like the Chinese calendar, the Hebrew calendar is a lunisolar calendar. As with all lunisolar calendars, the rules of the Hebrew calendar are somewhat complex. A year can have 12 or 13 months. in a 13-month "leap" year, the extra month of Adar II is inserted in the middle of the year. Seven such months are inserted in a 19-year cycle. The result is that there are 12*19+7=235 months every 19 years. it so happens that 235 lunations is very close to 19 solar years, allowing the Hebrew calendar to match both cycles quite well. An "ordinary" 12-month year contains 354 days. a "leap" 13-month year contains 384 days. But each variety can be extended or shortened by one day, resulting in "complete", "regular", and "deficient" years! Here is a table of the months and their lengths, in each of the resulting six varieties of a year. Ordinary Leap Defic Regul Compl Defic Regul Compl 30 30 30 30 30 30 Tishri 29 29 30 29 29 30 Heshvan 29 30 30 29 30 30 Kislev 29 29 29 29 29 29 Tevet 30 30 30 30 30 30 Shevat 29 29 29 30 30 30 Adar -- -- -- 29 29 29 Adar II 30 30 30 30 30 30 Nisan 29 29 29 29 29 29 Iyar 30 30 30 30 30 30 Sivan 29 29 29 29 29 29 Tammuz 30 30 30 30 30 30 Av 29 29 29 29 29 29 Elul --- --- --- --- --- --- 353 354 355 383 384 385 Notice that, in leap years, the extra month of Adar II is inserted and a day is added to Adar. In deficient years, a day is removed from Kislev. in complete years, one is added to Heshvan. By allowing for six different lengths of the year, the Hebrew calendar can satisfy several design constraints. It can have months that match the lunar cycle with great precision. It can also prevent the holy day of Hoshana Rabba (Tishri 21) from occurring on the Sabbath (Saturday), and Yom Kippur (Tishri 10) from occurring on the day before or after the Sabbath. (To accomplish that, it is necessary to have Tishri 1 occur on a Monday, Tuesday, Thursday, or Saturday.) The years are counted from the Era of Creation, or "Era Mundi". In this system, 1 Tishri 1 A. M. ("Anno Mundi", or "Year of the World") corresponds to -3760 October 7 (in the Julian calendar). Lunisolar. Some calendars, like the Islamic calendar, are "lunar-only". they correspond well to the actual motion of the moon, but tell you nothing about the seasonal variations due to solar motion. Most calendars, like the Gregorian and Julian calendars, follow the solar cycle well, but the months have little relation to lunar motion. A few calendars, including the Chinese and Hebrew calendars, are true "lunisolar" calendars. the first day of the month is usually close to a New Moon, and a given month occurs at a given time of the solar year. To accomplish this feat, it's necessary to have both extra days added to some months in some years. and to insert an extra "intercalary month" in some years (so a year can have either 12 or 13 months). The Julian calendar. The Julian calendar was created by Julius Caesar's resident expert in such matters, a Greek named Sosigenes. He set up the months as we now know them and added an extra day in February every fourth (leap) year. This provides a calendar in which each year averages 365.25 days, which is pretty close to the actual length. The Julian calendar has been essentially superseded by the

Gregorian calendar, discussed in the following section. The Gregorian calendar. The Gregorian calendar is the standard calendar of most of the world today. It is a minor modification of the Julian calendar. The only real problem with the Julian calendar was its handling of leap years. Inserting one leap year in every four years results in a calendar year averaging 365.25 days, a good but not perfect match to the real calendar year of about us. days. This causes an "error" of about .75 days per century. By 1582, the Julian calendar was therefore about 10 days out of adjustment to the observed seasons. Pope Gregory XIII took two steps to deal with this. First, he decreed that 4 Oct 1582 would be followed by 15 Oct 1582. Secondly, to keep this problem from recurring, he decreed that three out of every four century years (those ending in 00) would not be leap years. Thus, 1700, 1800, and 1900 were not leap years, even though they are divisible by 4, but 2000 will be a leap year. Regrettably, it took from 1582 to 1918 for the Julian calendar to completely die out, so you do have to make clear which one is being used for dates in that interval. For example, most Catholic nations switched over immediately. most Protestant nations took considerably longer, and the USSR didn't change to the Gregorian calendar until 1918. The Persian (Jalali and Modern) calendar. The Persian calendar is official in Iran and in some surrounding nations, such as Afghanistan and some Central Asian nations. The only difference between the Jalali and Modern Persian calendars is a subtlety in when leap days are inserted. click here for details. Like the Gregorian and Julian calendars, the Persian calendar is strictly solar in nature. that is, it matches the seasons very nicely (better, in fact, than any other calendar on these pages), but makes no real effort to reflect lunar cycles. There are twelve months per year, as follows. farvardin (frvrdyn) 31 days ordibehesht (ardybhSt) 31 days khordad (Krdad) 31 days tir (tyr) 31 days mordad (mrdad) 31 days shahrivar (Shryvr) 31 days mehr (mhr) 30 days Aban (Aban) 30 days Azar (AZr) 30 days day (dy) 30 days bahman (bhmn) 30 days esfand (asfnd) 29/30 days The year begins at the spring equinox. If that instant is before midday, Teheran time, then that day is 1 farvardin. otherwise, the next day is 1 farvardin. This can result in either 365 or 366 days per year. In the former (usual) case, the last month of esfand has 29 days. otherwise, it has 30 days.

The Jalali calendar uses the "exact" astronomical equinox. that is to say, it's based on observations. The Modern Persian calendar instead inserts leap years algorithmically, with a complex pattern of 683 leap days inserted over a cycle of 2820 years. This actually makes the Modern Persian calendar extremely easy to program (see the source code described here.) The Jalali calendar is a little trickier, as will be discussed below. This calendar has some interesting properties. First, notice that the months in the first half of the year have 31 days. these summer and autumn months also correspond to the half of the year when the earth is farthest from the sun and moves most slowly. At present, spring and summer really are close to 93 days each, and fall and winter are close to 90 days long. As a result, 1 tir will be close to the date of the Summer solstice, 1 mehr will be close to the date of the Autumnal equinox, and 1 day will be close to the date of the Winter solstice. This situation is temporary, though. in another two millennia, spring and autumn will both be about 91.5 days long. The Jalali observation-based system makes the distribution of leap years is more complex than in the other calendars described here. (Which almost certainly motivated the "Modern Persian" variant. use of this simplifies the computation of the calendar, and makes it predictable indefinitely into the future.) There is a good discussion of the problems caused in the Jalali system in the text and source code for the Khayam Persian Calendar program. That software makes use of the fact that, between the years 1799 to 2256 Gregorian (1178 to 1634 Persian), the leap years fall in a 33-year pattern. However, as is pointed out in the documentation of the above program and by a paper by K. M. Borkowski, "The Persian Calendar for 3000 Years", such a rule cannot be extended indefinitely. There are several problems here. You can see some of them by downloading this C/C++ source code and looking at the file

(You can click here to get a description of what else is in the ZIP file.) First, the spring equinox is not a perfectly periodic event. it varies by up to several minutes around the mean time. Second, the length of the solar (tropical) year is slowly changing. that's why, in the above source code, the mean date of the equinox is given as a cubic polynomial in time, with a set of trigonometric terms added to that mean value. Third, we have the difficulties provided by the fact that the earth's rotation is not perfectly uniform and, furthermore, we don't know those variations to any great degree of certainty for distant dates (the so-called "Delta-T" problem). You can extrapolate the Gregorian or Julian calendars indefinitely in the past or future, because their rules are purely mathematical in nature. But, like the Chinese calendar, the Jalali calendar requires some actual observations of the sky for distant dates. There is a fourth problem, in that "the longitude of Teheran" could cover a substantial area. As can be seen in the above source code, I have taken the value to be East 51 degrees, 26 minutes. If anyone can supply more precise values, please e-mail me. With these warnings noted, let's proceed to do the best we can. The above source code starts with an algorithm to determine the date of the vernal equinox. This algorithm came from Jean Meeus' Astronomical Algorithms. The result is in Ephemeris Time (ET), the sort of "uniform" time scale produced by an atomic clock (that is, it corresponds to what a physicist would call "time"). Subtracting Delta-T gives you Universal Time, which matches the slightly irregular motion of the earth (what most people would call "normal time", used for making business appointments and such.) Next, adding

That extrapolations are used for years before 1618 and after 2002.) Unfortunately, this is a pretty cumbersome way to compute the Julian Day corresponding to 1 farvardin of a given year. To avoid that issue, I put together the following algorithm, which provides a perfect match to the "full" method for Jalali years -1096 to +2327 (Gregorian years -475 to +2948). #define JALALI_ZERO us. L #define LOWER_PERSIAN_YEAR -1096 #define UPPER_PERSIAN_YEAR 2327 static long jalali_jd0( const int jalali_year) { static const short breaks[12] = { -708, -221, -3, 6, 394, 720, 786, 1145, 1635, 1701, 1866, 2328 }. static const short deltas[12] = { 1108, 1047, 984, 1249, 952, 891, 930, 866, 869, 844, 848, 852 }. int i. long rval. if( jalali_year < LOWER_PERSIAN_YEAR) return( -1L). /* out of valid range */ for( i = 0. i < 12. i++) if( jalali_year < breaks[i]) { rval = JALALI_ZERO + (long)jalali_year * 365L + (long)( deltas[i] + jalali_year * 303L) / 1250L. if( i < 3) /* zero point drops one day in first three blocks */ rval--. return( rval). } return( -1L). /* out of valid range */ } The above works by noting that an assumed year length of exactly us. days (=365 + 303 / 1250) will provide correct results over a limited time span. For example, for Jalali years between 1145 and 1635 (that is, the range covering the present), the JD corresponding to the start of the year would be. JD = us. + 365 * year + (year * 303 + 869) / 1250 It so happens that twelve such time spans can be arranged to cover the years in question. K. M. Borkowski provides a similar method to cover a similar time span, and Fortran source code and a DOS executable to convert between Gregorian and Jalali dates. I would have simply used this algorithm, rather than going to the trouble of developing my own. but I frankly have a poor grasp on how the Borkowski algorithm works. I'm pretty sure it uses a system resembling the above, where a long time span is covered by picking out spans over which the 33-year cycle holds. but I wasn't clear enough on it to want to use it. The Chinese calendar. (Click here for the Italian-language version.) The Chinese calendar is both lunisolar (meaning the months line up with lunar phases and the years line up with seasons, both at the same time), and observational (meaning that it's based on the real motions of the moon and sun, rather than on a mathematical approximation.) The result is a calendar of truly immense complexity. Months always begin on the day containing a New Moon. The result is that months always have 29 or 30 days, in an order that is not perfectly uniform. Years contain either twelve of these months ("ordinary" years) or thirteen months ("intercalary" years.) So far, you'll notice that this closely resembles the Hebrew calendar (with the exception that the Hebrew calendar really does use a uniform, mathematically exact algorithm.) Another similarity to the Hebrew calendar, by the way, is in the fact that an ordinary year can have 353, 354, or 355 days. a leap year can have 383, 384, or 385 days. The months are given numbers. month #11 always contains the winter solstice. The result of that is that, between two consecutive "month #11"s, you can have either twelve or eleven months. That just leaves the problem of numbering the months in between. If there are eleven months in between, then they are simply numbered in a logical manner. month 11 is followed by month 12, which is followed by month 1 of the next year, then 2, 3,. up to another month 11 that also contains a winter solstice. That case is the "easy" one, and occurs roughly 63% of the time. Most of the real trouble in the Chinese calendar arises when there are twelve months between consecutive month 11s. The Chinese divided the path of the Sun's motion (the ecliptic) into twelve equally-sized pieces of 30 degrees each. The dividing points are called the twelve "Principal Terms". The winter (and summer) solstices are two of these terms. so are the equinoxes. In our "trouble" case, therefore, we have twelve lunations between month 11s, during which the sun will cross eleven Principal Terms. Therefore, at least one lunation/month will not contain a Principal Term. The first of these is designated the "intercalary" month. (It will usually be both the first and only such month, but exceptions do occur.) The remaining months are numbered logically, as described above (month 11 followed by 12, 1 of the next year, 2, 3,. 11). The intercalary month is given the number of the preceding month, with the added designation that it is intercalary. An example of this might help a great deal. In the following, we see that the New Moons of 30 Nov 1997 and 18 Dec 1998 (Gregorian) both contain winter solstices, and therefore are both designated month #11 (of Chinese years 4634 and 4635). In between, we have twelve lunations and eleven principal terms. JD Date (Greg) Time (UT) Month Yr us. 30 Nov 1997 2.14.00 11 4634 us. p 21 Dec 1997 20.05.10 PRINCIPAL TERM (winter solstice) us. 29 Dec 1997 16.56.34 12 4634 us. p 20 Jan 1998 6.44.24 PRINCIPAL TERM us. 28 Jan 1998 6.00.58 1 4635 us. p 18 Feb 1998 20.52.58 PRINCIPAL TERM us. 26 Feb 1998 17.26.07 2 4635 us. p 20 Mar 1998 19.52.04 PRINCIPAL TERM (spring equinox) us. 28 Mar 1998 3.13.44 3 4635 us. p 20 Apr 1998 6.53.41 PRINCIPAL TERM us. 26 Apr 1998 11.41.22 4 4635 us. p 21 May 1998 6.02.05 PRINCIPAL TERM us. 25 May 1998 19.32.14 5 4635 us. p 21 Jun 1998 13.59.22 PRINCIPAL TERM (summer solstice) us. 24 Jun 1998 3.50.19 5i 4635 us. 23 Jul 1998 13.43.45 6 4635 us. p 23 Jul 1998 0.52.31 PRINCIPAL TERM us. 22 Aug 1998 2.03.01 7 4635 us. p 23 Aug 1998 7.55.49 PRINCIPAL TERM us. 20 Sep 1998 17.01.29 8 4635 us. p 23 Sep 1998 5.33.23 PRINCIPAL TERM (autumn equinox) us. 20 Oct 1998 10.09.20 9 4635 us. p 23 Oct 1998 14.54.15 PRINCIPAL TERM us. 19 Nov 1998 4.26.33 10 4635 us. p 22 Nov 1998 12.29.51 PRINCIPAL TERM us. 18 Dec 1998 22.42.14 11 4635 us. p 22 Dec 1998 1.52.33 PRINCIPAL TERM (winter solstice) us. 17 Jan 1999 15.46.06 12 4635 JD Date (Greg) Time (UT) Month Yr You'll notice that one of these lunations/months, starting on 24 June 1998, contains no Principal Term. So that is the intercalary month, and is designated "5i 4635." Two other important notes. our concern is the day on which a New Moon or Principal Term takes place. So the fact that the lunation starting month 6 4635 occurred about thirteen hours after a Principal Term doesn't matter. they both occurred on the same calendar day, and that's all we care about. Second, the "calendar day" is based on longitude 120 East, or a time zone eight hours ahead of Greenwich (Universal) time. Almost all of the above, by the way, comes from the Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac. It, in turn, got much of its information from Liu and Stephenson, from a work "in press", The Chinese Calendar and Its Operational Rules. The rules given are in use for calendars prepared by the Purple Mountain Observatory in China. One warning about the "Chinese years" numbered above. The Chinese calendar commonly worked either on a sixty-year cycle, or by numbering the years since an emperor ascended to the throne, rather than on a continuously increasing count of years. But it's also common to start numbering from the 60-year cycle that began in 2637 BC. In the above example, 28 Jan 1998 is listed as the "Chinese New Years Day" for year 4635. 4635 = 77 * 60 + 15. thus, it is the New Years Day for year 15 of the 78th "cycle" (there is no "cycle zero"). As with most (or all) of the calendars on this site, you can get source code in C/C++ for handling Chinese calendar computations. There are some unique things about this calendar that one should beware, though. All the other catalogs are handled algorithmically. the Chinese calendar requires that one load a file,

Into memory. You can click here to download the file (about 13 KBytes). This file basically contains a "pre-computed" Chinese calendar in condensed form. all that

Into memory). Also, be aware that this is based on having computed the calendar "the right way", with accurate solar and lunar theories. Some Chinese calendars have been computed using less precision, or use the mean motion of the Sun instead of the true motion, or are approximations based on other rules, or use a longitude other than 120 East. The Bah' calendar. This one is in a category of its own, relative to the other calendars mentioned on this site. Almost all calendars use "months" that either resemble the length of a lunar cycle (29 or 30 days/month), or that are 1/12 of a year (30 or 31 days/month). The Bah' calendar instead uses 19 "months" of exactly 19 days each. This yields 361 days, and four or five intercalary days are added to make it "fit" a solar year. Like the Persian calendar, New Years Day ("Naw Rz") is on the spring equinox, and is therefore either 21 or 22 March Gregorian. (Unlike the Persian calendar, though, the "day" begins at sunset instead of at noon.) Also, the Persian calendar is based on what an observer would see from Teheran. as best I can tell, the Bah' calendar is measured from wherever you happen to be at the time. The result would be that a person in one city might see the sun set just before the vernal equinox, and a person a few kilometers west might see the sun set just after the vernal equinox. in such a case, the "International Date Line" would, for that year only, lie between them. The following year, the International Date Line would be at a different longitude (nearly, but not exactly, 90 degrees west of the preceding IDL). People within that 90 degree slice would have five intercalary days. People in the remaining three-quarters of the world would get four intercalary days. The same thing would happen next year, except that the 90 degree slice would have shifted westward. If the above sounds confusing, it's because it is confusing. The Bah' is an interesting calendar, but it has almost no advantages over the Gregorian. it's a change solely for the sake of change. 19 is an inconvenient number. it's not close to a lunar month, nor is it a multiple of 7. Most recent calendars have been attempts to reform the Gregorian. this is closer to calendar deform. It may be some time, if ever, before source code for the Bah' calendar is posted on this site. The nineteen months are named as follows. The dates given can be off by up to two days. the equinox sometimes falls on 22 March, and Gregorian leap years can confuse this schedule by another day. Bah Splendour 21 March 8 April Jall Glory 9 April 27 April Jaml Beauty 28 April 16 May 'Azamat Grandeur 17 May 4 June Nr Light 5 June 23 June Rahmat Mercy 24 June 12 July Kalimt Words 13 July 31 July Kaml Perfection 1 August 19 August Asm' Names 20 August 7 September 'Izzat Might 8 September 26 September Mashyyat Will 27 September 15 October 'Ilm Knowledge 16 October 3 November Qudrat Power 4 November 22 November Qawl Speech 23 November 11 December Mas'il Questions 12 December 30 December Sharaf Honour 31 December 18 January Sultn Sovereignty 19 January 6 February Mulk Dominion 7 February 25 February (insert four or five intercalary days here) 'Al Loftiness 2 March 20 March The days are given the same names as the months. Thus, for example, the second day of the third month would be called the 'day of Jall in the month of Jaml.' The reasons for adopting this calendar appear to be basically the same as those given for adopting the French Revolutionary calendar. There was a desire to show a complete split from the Gregorian calendar, with its irregular months named for Roman emperors. and a lunar calendar would have been too much like the Islamic calendar. Furthermore, the number 19 seems to have some significance. in the Bah' calendar, nineteen years form a cycle called a Vhid, and nineteen of these cycles (361 years) constitute a period called Kull-i-Shay. (None of the sources I found said anything about the fact that the nineteen-year cycle matches the Metonic cycle of lunar phases, but the coincidence is an interesting one. And the only sources I could find were more "religion" oriented than "astronomy" oriented, so they could easily not have been aware of this fact.) The years in the Bah' calendar are counted from 23 May 1844, the date the Bb (regarded by Bah's as the messenger of God. the name is loosely translated as "Gate") announced the closing of the current era, and that one would come soon to open a new era. Bah's believe this promise was fulfilled in the person of Bah'u'llh. The result is that year 156 ("B. E. 156") began with the vernal equinox of (Gregorian) March 1999. The Celtic Tree (Druid?) calendar. This calendar represents a somewhat unusual approach. it's a solar calendar, with thirteen months of 28 days apiece. There is an extra day (two days in leap years) at the end of the year. (Supposedly, this led to the expression "a year and a day", but I am a little suspicious of the folk etymology here.) The months are named after trees. Celtic Tree Approximate Gregorian name. name. dates. Beth (Birch) Dec 24-Jan 20 Luis (Rowan) Jan 21-Feb 17 Nuin (Ash) Feb 18-Mar 17 Fearn (Alder) Mar 18-Apr 14 Saille (Willow) Apr 15-May 12 Huath (Hawthorn) May 13-Jun 9 Duir (Oak) Jun 10-Jul 7 Tinne (Holly) Jul 8-Aug 4 Coll (Hazel) Aug 5-Sep 1 Muin (Vine) Sep 2-Sep 29 Gort (Ivy) Sep 30-Oct 27 Ngetal (Reed) Oct 28-Nov 24 Ruis (Elder) Nov 25-Dec 22 Secret of the Unhewn Stone (intercalary day). Dec 23 The site that provided the above list points out that ".it seems unlikely this is the way the Celtic Tree calendar was originally laid out. but modern-day new age practitioners need a simple calendar, and this certainly fits the bill." Concrete detail concerning this calendar is somewhat limited. I've found no information as to when leap years are inserted, or when the calendar begins. I suspected that it might actually be a modern creation, until I got the following e-mail. In reference to your desire for more information on the Celtic Tree Calendar. while it is true that the currently known Celtic Tree Calendar is a streamlined and modernized version, it has its basis in a calendar used by the Druids in pre-Christian times. However, the calendar differed greatly from place to place, and the current Beth-Luis-Nion format was the older order of letters in the Ogham alphabet. Later the order became Beth-Luis-Fern, and whoever made up the 'New Age' calendar probably just picked one of the two at random, and everyone after simply followed their lead. The latest contemporary reference to the calendar is in the Book of Ballymote, written in the fifteenth century, which includes a treatise on the calendar and the Ogham alphabet. Also, several studies on the Ogham and the associated calendar took place between us. In any case, the truth is, the calendar definitely -did- exist, but the original form of the calendar, varying greatly even at the time of its usage, is impossible to discover. Hope this was helpful, Jeremy Smith, University of North Texas Still, this calendar does have certain interesting properties. There are exactly four weeks per month, so all the months in a given year start on the same day of the week. this is convenient. The year is not as easily broken into "quarters" as a twelve-month calendar would be, but the quarters at least fall on week boundaries (Q1 = months 1-3 plus the first week of month 4. Q2 = remainder of month 4, months 5-6, and first half of month 7. and so on). Some proposed "reformed" calendars, such as the International Fixed Calendar (originally known as the Positivist Calendar), also use a thirteen-month year with 28-day months, plus one or two intercalary days, for just this reason. Note concerning the year 2000. There has been widespread hairsplitting to the effect that the year 2000 is not really the start of a new century or millennium. Usually, some statement to the effect of "there was no year zero" is brought up. This statement is, however, somewhere between being false and being not the entire truth. It is true that, when the system of numbering years after the presumed birth of Christ was instituted, negative numbers were unknown in Europe. The use of "BC" years appears to be the creation of the French Jesuit theologian Dionysius Petavius, a. k.a. Denys Ptau ( us. ), who used those letters after ancient dates in his Opus de Doctrina Temporum in 1627. * (I have been unable to determine exactly how dates before 1 AD were dealt with before 1627. it's true that the use of absolute dates in medieval and pre-medieval works is rare, and that dates such as "N years from this event" are the norm. Still, I assume that the issue must have arisen at some point!) In Petavius' system, the year preceding 1 AD is 1 BC, with no intervening year zero. Currently, astronomers use a system in which there is indeed a year zero, and in which "BC" years simply become "negative" years. (The Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac states that the new system was introduced by the astronomer Jacques Cassini, in 1740.) This is a much more logical system, and it can be argued that it is in far wider use than the old "historical" system. It does result in a situation, though, where the year 1234 BC (historical system) is the same year as -1233 (astronomical system). I am more of an astronomer than an historian, and the idea that "there was no year zero" strikes me as logically absurd. Therefore, from my point of view, 1 Jan 2000 marks the beginning of the Third Millennium. Sean Oberle has pointed out a further problem with "no year zero". there is also no "zero o'clock". One could wrongly conclude that each day begins at 1.00 AM, since there is no '0.00 AM' (unless one is an astronomer or soldier). Furthermore, he has written an article arguing persuasively that Dionysius Exiguus regarded 1 AD as the second year of his count, much as astronomers do.

Note. The creation of the 'BC' convention is commonly ascribed to the English historian Bede, sometime around the eighth century. The Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac mentions this, and gives a reference to. Colgrave, B. and Mynors, R. A.B. (1969). Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People, Oxford. I originally cited that information, but received an inquiry from Claus Tndering, author of the Calendar FAQ. He mentions that his Web site once had the same statement about Bede originating the 'BC' convention, but that two historians told him that there is no good evidence for this. they claim the convention arose a few centuries later. And a reference at the Bureau des Longitudes WWW site put the origin of the 'BC' convention much later. sometime in the 18th century! An excerpt. us. Begin clip us. Case of the years. For the historians, since the XVIIIth century, the year which precedes year 1 of the Christian era is noted " 1 before J.-C. ". it is a leap year. The leap years following one another every 4 years, they are thus years 1, 5, 9. before J.-.C. the rule of the divisibility by 4 cannot be applied any more. The astronomers, since J. Cassini (1740), use an algebraic notation. They call year 0 the year 1 before J.-C. and count the former years negatively. As follows. us. End clip us. Still more recently (13 July 2001), I received the following e-mail. I suppose you've heard by now.. The AD-BC system of organizing dates was invented by Dionysius Petavius circa 1627. You can read all about it in "The Measure of Times Past" by Donald J. Wilcox, p. 207. The general use of AD dating is not much older. There are early AD-dated documents, but hardly any monuments (chiseled in stone) bearing AD dates before the 15th century. I enjoyed reading your rap on calendars. Best, henryz.which led me to do some more research, resulting in the above comments on the origin of the BC system.

If you're eager for something different than just a plain old paper printable, why not try printing the calendars on magnetic printer paper. It works great, just let it dry completely before touching it! Please select the theme and the language for your printable calendar from the table below.

GPO Access contains the calendars for both the House of Representatives and the Senate from the 104th Congress ( us. ) forward.

Calendars of the U. S. House of Representatives and History of Legislation Contains a history of House and Senate bills and resolutions that have been reported or considered by either house.

Alevism related calendar -- Alevism related religious, memorial or special events. Cause of the universality of the Alevi fate it has also entrances for International, Christian or Jewish events.

Astronomy and Astrology of the Polynesian Universe -- The Polynesians used astronomy for calendrical purposes. The lunar calendar was used to determine feasting or fasting days, and the solar calendar to mark the passing of days, months, and years.

Aztec Calendar -- What day is it today, according to the Aztec Calendar? How does it work, how is it used? Calculator tells the Aztec date of any given day.

Ben Marra Studios - Native American Calendars -- Two brilliantly colorful photographic calendars by Ben Marra. POWWOW.Portraits of Native Americans, and, Native American Dance. "POWWOW" features text written by the dancers, and "Dance" is all action-oriented scenes. (620)

Chinese Astrology Calendar -- For 5,000 years, the Chinese have used a system of astrology based on a person's birth year to predict personal prosperity and discover compatibility with lovers, family members, and friends.

Chinese Calendar Home Page -- Two postscript files for the Chinese calendar. Also convert a date between solar and lunar calendars.

Chinese Fortune Calendar Online -- Chinese Fortune-telling, Astrology, Lunar, Farmer's calendars. Find Chinese New Year's Days, Holidays, Festivals and Lucky days for wedding.

Cronopolis -- calendario maya-teotihuacano hunab. zodiaco eclipses. cuenta corta maya .constante sincronologica 584314 = fecha juliana = 13 de septiembre de 3114 = fecha maya us. ahau 8 cumku arqueoastronomia

Feasts and Saints of the Christian Orthodox Church in America -- Saints in the Calendar for Current Week or Saints by Month.

Freeware Multilingual Calendar -- Lithic Software Corporation. Supports the following languages. English, French, Spanish, German, Dutch, Portugues, and Italian. For Windows 95.

Genealogy in France. Republican Calendar -- Also known as " French Revolutionaly Calendar ", this calendar was in used in France from 1793 to 1805, and 1871 (only in Paris).

Gregorian-Hijri Dates Converter -- The Islamic Calendar, which is based purely on lunar cycles, was first introduced in 638 C. E.

Indigenous Weather Knowledge -- Indigenous Australians have long held their own seasonal calendars based on the local sequence of natural events.

Introduction to the Mayan Calendar -- Independent researcher John Major Jenkins addresses the correlation question - that is, the question of how the Mayan calendar system correlates with our Gregorian calendar. Surprisingly, there is still some academic confusion on this question.

Iranian calendar -- The Iranian calendar, introduced in the reign of Reza Shah Pahlavi (1925ﾖ1941), modified the Islamic calendar, introducing a solar year with Farsi names for the months.

Islamic calendar -- An Islamic Calendar based on predicted lunar visibility and the international lunar date lines. This is the first site on the Net which shows a pictorial calendar based on the concept of the international lunar date line which was first proposed by Ilyas

Jazz Calendar -- A collection of monthly calendars listing the birthdates of jazz musicians, place of birth, and principal instrument. Complete through April.

Make your own Chinese calendar -- Get Encapsulated PostScript picture of accurate Chinese calendar of any (Gregorian) month or year to embed in other documents to make your own calendar. View the HTML format ones directly. Also, download the program which does all these.

Make Your Own Chinese Calendar -- This site provides printable and browsable Chinese calendar for a given Gregorian calendar month and/or year since the last reform of the Chinese calendar in 1645.

Mathematics of the Chinese Calendar -- Chinese New Year is the main holiday of the year for more than one quarter of the world's population. very few people, however, know how to compute its date.

Maya Calendar -- The Maya Calendar was the center of Maya life and their greatest achievement. The Maya Calendar's ancestral knowledge guided the Maya's existence from the moment of their birth and there was little that escaped its influence.

Maya Calendar Converter with Graphics -- Converts from the Gregorian calendar to the Maya Long Count, Tzolkin and Haab calendars, and finds the Lord of the Night. Also displays the Maya glyphs appropriate to each calendar date.

Multi-cultural Calendar -- find the unique ways KIDLINK kids are celebrating their country's holidays and festivals.

Multicultural calendar -- A wall calendar listing and describing holy days and celebrations from many of the world's religions. With glorious, vivid original artwork. Tree-free.

My Name Day Calendar -- Over 1,700 most popular US and Canadian names. Visit us and celebrate your first Name Day with us!

Pataphysical Calendar of Alfred Jarry -- This Web page describes the looney Pataphysical Calendar of the French playwright Alfred Jarry ( us. ), with links to sites (in French) that contain the actual calendar for the current year.

Prehispanic Calendars -- How are the prehispanic calendars interpreted? Also audio files of Month names in Mayan & Nahuatl.

Regional (tri-zonal) Islamic Calendar -- A regional Islamic Calendar based on predicted lunar visibility. The world is divided into 3 zones.??ﾏericas, Europe/Africa/Asia and Asia/Pacific, each with its own calendar. Produced using MoonCalc.

Religious Calendars & Holy Days -- Christian, Jewish, Muslim, Hindu, Buddhist, Sikh, Baha'i, and Wiccan

Shaukat's Islamic Calendar for North America -- Crescent moon's visibility from any place on the globe can now be calculated with a greater precision and practical accuracy.

Star Roots 13 Moon Natural Time Mayan Dreamspell Calendar -- explore the 13 moons of the solar year with this Natural Time Dreamspell Calendar based on Mayan time wisdom.

The Catholic Calendar Page -- Color of Mass vestments is shown in the banner at the top of each day. Holy Days of Obligation are and Feast Days indicated.

The Hindu Universe - Festivals of Bharat -- information on Hindu culture, Hindu festivals, Hindu calendar (PDF printable calendar)

The Quinkatla Annual Cycle Calendar -- An annual circular calendar, graphically illustrating the whole year in one circle, this calendar can be used as a circular bar chart, and schduling device. It is based on ideas derived from Mayan calendars.

The Roman Calendar -- Particularly clear summary. Large clickable map of a Roman calendar in its traditional appearance. click on dates for capsule informaton. One of the better general sources for religious holidays and festivals.

The Zoroastrian religious calendar -- The religious calendar is a matter of some controversy among Zoroastrians.

TIMEGHOST CALENDARS -- Makers of the best perpetual wood calendars, wooden calendars, available with multiple language, languages

Today's Calendar and Clock Page -- Will Linden's page tells you what day it is today in many calendars. Lots of calendar links as well. Check here for what I'm missing!

Today's Hebrew Date -- Also contains links for calculating the Hebrew date of any English date, for adding today's Hebrew date to your own Web site, and for learning more about the Hebrew Calendar.

Examples of Lunar calendars still in use are the traditional Jewish and Chinese calendars. The difficulty with Lunar calendars is that the seasons are correlated with the Sun, not the Moon. Thus, Lunar calendars require elaborate adjustments or translations to relate to the seasons. That calendars correlate with seasons is now primarily a matter of convenience, but in more ancient cultures keeping track of the seasons was serious business. it could be a matter of survival to know things like the proper time to plant to ensure a bountiful harvest.

) is a basically solar calendar that grew from what was originally a Lunar calendar used by the Romans. The original calendar contained 10 months of length 29 or 30 days. This was later modified to a 12 month calendar, but 12 months of average length 29.5 days gives only 354 days in the year, whereas the orbital period of the Earth is us. days. Thus, at the end of each year this calendar was 11 days out of step with the seasons and at the end of 3 years it was almost a month out of step. This was initially corrected in an arbitrary way by adding 13th months, but this was used for various political purposes and soon threw the calendar into severe confusion.

In 46 B. C., Julius Caesar reformed the calendar by ordering the year to be 365 days in length and to contain 12 months. This forced some days to be added to some of the months to bring the total from 354 up to 365 days, so the months now were out of phase with the cycles of the Moon. although the

Retained monthly divisions, it was no longer a Lunar calendar. The Julian Calendar improved things tremendously, but there was still about a quarter day difference between the true length of the year and the 365 days assumed for the Julian Calendar. Thus, February was given an additional day every 4 years

However, the Julian year still differs from the true year of us. days by 11 minutes and 14 seconds each year, and over a period of 128 years even the Julian Calendar was in error by one day with respect to the seasons. By 1582 this error had accumulated to 10 days and Pope Gregory XIII ordered another reform. 10 days were dropped from the year 1582, so that October 4, 1582, was followed by October 15, 1582. In addition, to guard against further accumulation of error, in the new

It was decreed that century years not divisible by 400 were not to be considered leap years. Thus, 1600 was a leap year but 1700 was not. This made the average length of the year sufficiently close to the actual year that it would take 3322 years for the error to accumulate to 1 day. A further modification to the Gregorian Calendar has been suggested. years evenly divisible by 4000 are not leap years. This would reduce the error between the Gregorian Calendar Year and the true year to 1 day in 20,000 years. However, this last proposed change has not been officially adopted. there is plenty of time to consider it, since it would not have an effect until the year 4000.

An interesting historical sidelight on the Gregorian Calendar is that not all countries adopted it immediately. In particular, it was adopted uniformly in Catholic countries, but Protestant countries often still used the Julian Calendar. Thus, the date could change by 10 days simply by crossing certain country borders! England and its American colonies did not adopt the Gregorian Calendar until 1752, when 11 days were removed from the calendar, and Russia resisted this change until after the 1917 Revolution. One conseqence of the British adoption of the Gregorian Calendar in 1752 is that George Washington was born on February 11, 1731, according to the calendar in use on his birthday, but we now celebrate his date of birth as February 22, 1731 (actually, even that is no longer true with the advent of Presidents Day). This Calendar Program allows you to get a calendar for an arbitrary year in the United States and England (if you submit it with no entry it will return the calendar for the present year, by default). Look at the calendar for the year 1752 and note the missing days in September associated with the transition to the Gregorian calendar in England and its colonies. More information about timekeeping and calendars may be found at this FAQ.

The Calendar component is a UI control that enables users to choose one or more dates from a graphical calendar presented in a single month or multi month interface. Calendars are generated entirely via script and can be navigated without any page refreshes. You'll find the Calendar Control to be a useful and easy-to-implement enhancement to any date-selection interaction. you may also find that the Calendar's foundation classes are a good place to start for more complex interfaces that visually organize date-tagged information (like appointments, photos, events, etc.).

To use the Calendar Control, include the JS source files for Calendar and its dependencies in your web page along with the default CSS file, as shown below.

Class name to an element that is a parent of the element in which the YUI Calendar Control lives. You can usually accomplish this simply by putting the class on the

For a simple Calendar implementation, the only markup you need on the page is a DIV element into which the Calendar can be rendered.

Passing the constructor at least one argument. the id of (or a reference to) the DIV element on the page into which the control should be inserted. For a single page Calendar, this DIV element should be otherwise empty. // A DIV with id "cal1Container" should already exist on the page var cal1 = new YAHOO. widget. Calendar("cal1Container"). cal1.render(). The full constructor for Calendar looks like this.

Is the ID that should be assigned to the Calendar instance's table element (the table will be created by the Calendar instance when it is rendered). If not provided, the ID will be generated from the container's ID by adding an "_t" suffix

Is the ID of the HTML element where the Calendar will be inserted, or a reference to the element itself (this element must already exist on the page). In the case of an HTMLElement reference being provided, if it does not have an ID one will be generated for it using

NOTE. Prior to 2.4.0, the Calendar constructor required at least 2 arguments, id and containerId. As of 2.4.0, the calendar constructor has a simpler and more flexible form. The only required argument is the id of the containing HTMLElement (or a reference to the containing HTMLElement) as shown above. The older signature, which requires both a calendar id and a container id is still fully supported. You can continue to use it if you need a specific id set on the Calendar. The basic single month Calendar, with the default YUI Sam Skin, looks like this. See a functional calendar example.

By default, the Calendar is set to the current month and enables the selection of a single Calendar date. In addition to the HTML IDs described above, Calendar can accept an optional configuration object that allows various configuration attributes to be set. The configuration attributes are passed to the constructor in the form of an object literal. For example. var cal1 = new YAHOO. widget. Calendar(cal1, cal1Container, { pagedate.5/2007, selected.5/5/2007-5/27/2007,5/30/2007 } ). cal1.render(). There are three different ways to set properties for Calendar and CalendarGroup. In the code examples that follow, each of these three approaches is illustrated in setting Calendar's

Property. // 1. In the constructor, via an object literal. var myCalendar = new YAHOO. widget. Calendar(myCalendar, myCalendarContainer, { selected.1/1/2007-1/7/2007 }). myCalendar. render(). // 2. Via queueProperty and fireQueue. var myCalendar = new YAHOO. widget. Calendar(myCalendar, myCalendarContainer). myCalendar. cfg. queueProperty(selected,1/1/2007-1/7/2007,false). myCalendar. cfg. fireQueue(). myCalendar. render(). // 3. Via setProperty var myCalendar = new YAHOO. widget. Calendar(myCalendar, myCalendarContainer). myCalendar. cfg. setProperty(selected,1/1/2007-1/7/2007,false). myCalendar. render(). The following table contains an itemization of Calendar's frequently used configuration properties. Use the syntax patterns described above in this section to use these configuration properties in your Calendar implementation. NOTE. Most visual configuration properties require a call to

Before changes become visible, as indicated in the "Render Required" column. This call can either be made explicitly as in the above examples, or the Calendar or CalendarGroup ends up calling it internally, when the page is changed

Sets the calendar's visible month and year. If set using a string, the default string format is mm/yyyy.

Sets the calendar's selected dates. The built-in default date format is MM/DD/YYYY. Ranges are defined using MM/DD/YYYY-MM/DD/YYYY. Month/day combinations are defined using MM/DD. Any combination of these can be combined by delimiting the string with commas. For example. 12/24/2005,12/25/2005,1/18/2006-1/21/2006

Sets the Calendar's minimum selectable date, either in the form of a Javascript Date object, or a string date (e. g. 4/12/2007).

Sets the Calendar's maximum selectable date, either in the form of a Javascript Date object, or a string date (e. g. 4/12/2007).

Configures the CalendarNavigator (Year Selector) feature for the Calendar. If set to true, the Calendar's Year Selector functionality is enabled. The CalendarNavigator's configuration can be customized (strings, month format etc.) by setting this property to an object literal as defined in the Navigator Configuration Object documentation.

The image path used for the left navigation arrow. As of version 2.2.0, this property has been deprecated. See Customizing Calendar Images

The image path used for the right navigation arrow. As of version 2.2.0, this property has been deprecated. See Customizing Calendar Images

Creating a 2 month Calendar follows the same pattern seen above with the single month Calendar. To create a 2 month Calendar, instantiate

NOTE. Prior to 2.4.0, the CalendarGroup constructor also required at least 2 arguments, id and containerId. As of 2.4.0 the CalendarGroup constructor also has a simpler and more flexible format as mentioned above for the Calendar constructor. The 2 Month Calendar, with the default YUI Sam Skin, looks like this. See a functional example of the CalendarGroup control which display 3 months together.

The default Calendar or CalendarGroup UI, does not provide a mechanism to jump directly to a given month/year, which can be useful in applications where the dates, or range of dates, to be selected spans multiple years (e. g. a "Date of Birth" picker). 2.4.0 introduces a

Configuration option which when enabled, provides a UI to allow the user to directly jump to a given month/year. The navigator is popped up when the user clicks on the Month/Year label. The Calendar, with CalendarNavigator displayed, looks like this. The default implementation allows you to use the arrow up/arrow down and page up/page down keys when focused on the year input box, to increment or decrement the year in minor

Intervals (NOTE. The page up/page down functionality is not supported for Opera9 on MacOS, due to an inability to prevent default behavior, but the arrow keys can still be used). The CalendarNavigator functional example walks you through enabling and configuring this feature.

Method. This method returns a sorted array of JavaScript Date objects. // Initialize and render the Calendar var cal1 = new YAHOO. widget. Calendar("cal1Container"). cal1.render(). // Later in your application, when you need the selected dates var arrDates = cal1.getSelectedDates(). for (var i = 0. i < arrDates. length. ++i) { var date = arrDates[i]. // Work with selected date. // var displayMonth = date. getMonth() + 1. // var displayYear = date. getFullYear(). // var displayDate = date. getDate(). } Another common way of working with selected dates, especially when responding to user selection, is by listening for the

The Calendar component has built in support for internationalization. To modify the locale settings, simply set the appropriate configuration attributes. var cal1 = new YAHOO. widget. Calendar("cal1","cal1Container"). // Correct formats for Germany. dd. mm. yyyy, dd. mm, mm. yyyy cal1.cfg. setProperty("DATE_FIELD_DELIMITER", "."). cal1.cfg. setProperty("MDY_DAY_POSITION", 1). cal1.cfg. setProperty("MDY_MONTH_POSITION", 2). cal1.cfg. setProperty("MDY_YEAR_POSITION", 3). cal1.cfg. setProperty("MD_DAY_POSITION", 1). cal1.cfg. setProperty("MD_MONTH_POSITION", 2). // Date labels for German locale cal1.cfg. setProperty("MONTHS_SHORT", ["Jan", "Feb", "M\u00E4r", "Apr", "Mai", "Jun", "Jul", "Aug", "Sep", "Okt", "Nov", "Dez"]). cal1.cfg. setProperty("MONTHS_LONG", ["Januar", "Februar", "M\u00E4rz", "April", "Mai", "Juni", "Juli", "August", "September", "Oktober", "November", "Dezember"]). cal1.cfg. setProperty("WEEKDAYS_1CHAR", ["S", "M", "D", "M", "D", "F", "S"]). cal1.cfg. setProperty("WEEKDAYS_SHORT", ["So", "Mo", "Di", "Mi", "Do", "Fr", "Sa"]). cal1.cfg. setProperty("WEEKDAYS_MEDIUM",["Son", "Mon", "Die", "Mit", "Don", "Fre", "Sam"]). cal1.cfg. setProperty("WEEKDAYS_LONG", ["Sonntag", "Montag", "Dienstag", "Mittwoch", "Donnerstag", "Freitag", "Samstag"]). cal1.render(). See functional examples of German and Japanese Calendars. Calendar supports the following propreties that can be individually configured using the

Position in which the month name is rendered in the Month/Year label in the Calendar header (e. g. "January" in "January 2008")

Position in which the year number is rendered in the Month/Year label in the Calendar header (e. g. "2008" in "January 2008")

String suffix to render after the month name in the Month/Year label in the Calendar header (e. g. " de " in "Julho de 2008")

Styling the Calendar is as easy as writing some custom CSS. The Calendar is semantically styled with built-in CSS classes representing the year, month, week, weekday, and day of the month. Each is defined using a basic CSS class name.

As of release 2.2.0 all default Calendar images are defined using CSS rules in calendar. css and hence can be modified by simply overriding the background property for these default rules. In addition to making it easier to customize Calendar images, this also allows you to refer to your images with relative paths and not have to worry about SSL vs. Non-SSL absolute URLs. The default CSS class selectors used are.

So for example, to modify the close icon, left arrow and right arrow images to point to custom images under your "customimages" folder, you would add the following CSS rules to your implementation. These rules specify the custom image file URLs as well as their sizes, if they differ from the defaults. /* The size of the custom close image is the same as the default version, hence no need to override width/height */ .yui-calcontainer .calclose { background. url("/customimages/myCloseImage. gif") no-repeat. } /* Custom arrow images override background image url and width/height properties */ .yui-calendar .calnavleft { background. url("/customimages/my12x12LeftArrow. gif") no-repeat. width.12px. height.12px. } .yui-calendar .calnavright { background. url("/customimages/my12x12RightArrow. gif") no-repeat. width.12px. height.12px. } NOTE. These rules will be prefixed with the default YUI Sam Skin class (

), if you're working with Calendar's Sam Skin CSS file. See YUI's skinning reference article for more details about prefixing skin related CSS rules with a skin class. Versions of Calendar prior to 2.2.0 provided two configuration properties, NAV_ARROW_LEFT and NAV_ARROW_RIGHT, to allow for the customization of the left and right arrow images. These properties have been deprecated. Additionally the IMG_ROOT property has also been deprecated since images can be pulled in either relatively (to the css file) or absolutely through the CSS rules. If you are using these properties to customize Calendar images your code will still work as expected but it is recommended that you move over to the new CSS rules as soon as possible.

The contents of the Calendar's cells can be customized by overriding the Calendar Control's events and rendering methods. The primary way to specify rendering behavior for a date or group of dates is by using the

Which means that, if this rule is processed, no more rendering rules should be processed after it. renderCellNotThisMonth = function(workingDate, cell) { YAHOO. util. Dom. addClass(cell, this. Style. CSS_CELL_OOM). cell. innerHTML=workingDate. getDate(). return YAHOO. widget. Calendar. STOP_RENDER. } Render rules are processed in a LIFO ("last in, first out," or stack) method, where the last renderer added will be the first processed.

The calendar also has several events (see the API documentation for the Calendar Control) that can be subscribed to, to alter the calendar's behavior.

NOTE. As of 2.3.0, Calendar's select(), selectCell(), deselect() and deselectCell() have been fixed, so that attempting to select/deselect invalid dates programmatically (e. g. dates which are before or after the min/max date settings) does not change the Calendar state, mirroring the behavior when attempting to select such dates using the UI. In cases where you attempt to programmatically select/deselect dates which are invalid, state change events will not be fired, since the Calendar state will not have changed. See the release notes for more details on this change. When using YAHOO. widget. Calendar or YAHOO. widget. CalendarGroup, events can be subscribed to on the instance.

The YUI Calendar Control works without any major issues on the Nokia N95 and Apple iPhone default browsers and we'd expect similar behavior on other A-Grade-based mobile browsers. The default Sam Skin implementation for Calendar works well for mobile devices devices also. It provides enough whitespace around UI targets, such as navigation buttons and cells, so as to be usable on touch-screen devices like the iPhone along with their zoom capabilities. If you do wish to optimize the mobile experience for users, you may consider serving up custom skin CSS based on the user agent strings for the mobile browser. The YAHOO mobile section has an example of how to parse the user agent string on the client. the same logic can be applied on the server also. Some things you may want to modify when creating a custom skin.

This targets the table. You could also target the calendar container, or change the default font size for the page as a whole.

Zoom Support. The iPhone will allow you to zoom into a specific bounding box on the page. For example, double-tapping on the Calendar's navigation bar

Will zoom you in to the width of Calendar control, whereas double-tapping on a cell will zoom you into the bounding box for the cell

You could consider increasing the size of double-tap targets, so that the user has an easily targetable area to zoom into the Calendar as a whole, as well as the cells. Related CSS rules.

We ship everywhere in the world! International First Class Mail costs $6.25 to Canada, $9.00 to Mexico and $14.25 to the rest of the world. (We wish this was cheaper, too!) Free International Shipping for 2+ Calendars! Shipping can take 2-3 weeks, depending on country. More info on shipping

Get inspired every month by showcasing your favorite pictures and images on a custom calendar. Its easy to design every single month with your own photos, images, and captions. Choose from over 10 different calendar styles, 7 different wire colors, and pick your own start and end months to create the perfect design month after month. Makes a great gift for family and friends.

Less than what you might think for a customized product with no minimum order. You can buy 1 standard calendar for $18.95. Buy two and you immediately get 5% off each one - even with different styles or designs! The more you buy the more you save. You can also save an additional 10% by becoming a contributor and publishing your calendar to our marketplace for others to purchase.

Really fast. In fact, not many are faster. Your custom calendar will be on its way soon after ordering. With Express Mail, you can even receive them in 1-2 days after they are produced! Check the order status page if you have questions about your order.

To fill the full area, we recommend that you use images that are equal to or larger than the recommended sizes below. You can design your calendar with images much smaller than these recommended sizes and place them anywhere on the calendar.

2009 Calendar 2008 Calendar 2007 Calendar 2006 Calendar 2005 Calendar History of the Calendar Leap Year Time Measurement, Time Zones, and the International Date Line World Time Zones and Time Zone Map The Islamic (Hijri) Calendar The Jewish Calendar The Chinese Calendar The Hindu (Indian National) Calendar

The Gregorian CalendarHistory - The Curious History of the Gregorian Calendar Eleven days that never were by Ben Snowden RELATED.

The Hindu (Indian National) Calendar - The Hindu (Indian National) Calendar The Indian National Calendar, often called the Hindu.

The Chinese Calendar - The Chinese Calendar The Chinese lunisolar calendar is divided into 12 months of 29 or 30 days. The.

What are the Calendars? A published daily record that shows the status of all bills. The Calendar serves as a program for the Legislative day, setting forth the order of business and designating the particular bills and resolutions to be taken up. What's in the Calendars? - The Order of business - Bill Reference - Messages from the Governor - Messages from the House/Senate - Final Actions on Bills and Concurrent Resolutions - Bill Status and Resolutions - Bills in House/Senate Committees - House/Senate Committee Agenda - House/Senate Committee Meeting Schedule

Find your Legislator by name, city, county, district # or committee Chief Clerk of the House Secretary of the Senate Kansas Division of Printing How are the Calendars created and distributed? Legislative Glossary Legislative Procedure Manual Federal Sources

If you enjoy the services My Free Calendar Maker offers, please consider donating to support this site.

Select a date for your free calendar. For example, to print a 2009 yearly calendar, select any date in 2009. To print an April 2009 monthly calendar, select any date in April 2009.

Generate your free printable calendar.(You must have Adobe Acrobat Reader to generate a free printable calendar. Click here to download Adobe Acrobat Reader for free.)

ABOUT US. My Free Calendar Maker is part of the My Calendar Maker family of sites. My Free Calendar Maker allows you to generate and print free calendars for use around your home, office, or just about anywhere. If you like our free service, please visit My Calendar Maker at www. MyCalendarMaker. com to see what we can offer in FREE customized photo calendars and custom notecards. Information on profitable fundraisers for your organization is available at www. MyNotecardMaker. com.

We ship everywhere in the world! International First Class Mail costs $6.25 to Canada, $9.00 to Mexico and $14.25 to the rest of the world. (We wish this was cheaper, too!) Free International Shipping for 2+ Calendars! Shipping can take 2-3 weeks, depending on country. More info on shipping

2009 Calendar 2008 Calendar 2007 Calendar 2006 Calendar 2005 Calendar History of the Calendar Leap Year Time Measurement, Time Zones, and the International Date Line World Time Zones and Time Zone Map The Islamic (Hijri) Calendar The Jewish Calendar The Chinese Calendar The Hindu (Indian National) Calendar

The Gregorian CalendarHistory - The Curious History of the Gregorian Calendar Eleven days that never were by Ben Snowden RELATED.

The Hindu (Indian National) Calendar - The Hindu (Indian National) Calendar The Indian National Calendar, often called the Hindu.

The Chinese Calendar - The Chinese Calendar The Chinese lunisolar calendar is divided into 12 months of 29 or 30 days. The.

Easy Calendar will allow you to display a small and simple calendar on your site. You can define events and store them into categories.

A port of iWebCal for Joomla is now available. This component takes an .ics file from iCal or any other application generating vCalendar files and displays them on your website. You can also publish your calendars from Google Calendar. The original script.

Simple flash based Dynamic Calendar that shows current date, time and day of the week with fade effect. 8 (Eight) color styles!

This extension offers a component which shows google calendars inside a joomla based web page. It is simple to configure and let google calendar do the work, because they get paid for it.-))! There are three modules which are delivered extra. * The.

ADMIN edit - Updated May 2008nbsp.**UPDATED** Google Calendar is a component that will allow you to embed Google Calendars on your Joomla 1.5 site with ease! You#39.ll be amazed at the flexibility allowed and the degree of customization. Need directio.

Generates a iCal (ics) file for your Jcal Pro calendar. Still alpha, so please contact me if you have any comments/improvements etc. (Install it and get your ics under *Joomla!-URL*/index2.php?option=com_jcal_icalno_html=1) ==News== *Version 0.2 ju.

NO I-Frames! GCalendar Pro is the latest and greatest Google Calendar for Joomla 1.5 Native. No longer are you forced to use an i-frame and settle for a less then ideal look. Now you can integrate a Google Calendar directly into your website - usin.

Create a personal calendar and add birthdays, social functions, random get-togethers with friends, and while you're at it, create reminders for paying bills, remembering special occasions, or checking that online auction. Get organized!

Create a calendar for your office. Keep track of todos, milestones, and deadlines. Set some goals, get everyone on board, and then. Get started!

Create a calendar for your church, your band, your team. Publish a event feed on your own website or blog so people can follow you and get involved. Get noticed!

Teachers. Publish exam dates, homework due dates, project deadlines, etc. Students. Subscribe to your class' calendar, or else create your own class calendars then roll them up into one view so you can stay abreast of it all. Get A's!.)

Madison Leather Personal Organizer Binder Select a calendar page format and accessories (not included) to create a planning system that meets your individual needs. Personalize your binder with an elegant name plate! Ordering information included.

Large, Easy-To-Read Numbers With Ruled Daily Writing Blocks And Shaded Weekends Makes This Wall Calendar Functional And Fun. Calendar Displays One Past Month Plus A Full Year Of Reference Blocks On Each Page. The Eye-Catching Three-Color Graphics Create A Professional Look.

Fancy Pants Acrylic Stamp 12x12. Create A Calendar - 20% Off Sale through March! Price shown reflects 20% discount.

Fancy Pants Designs high quality acrylic stamps are bursting with creativity and innovation. Each Create-A-Calendar 12” x 12” stamp set includes 74 clear, acrylic stamps.

Although the Romans made few discoveries of their own, they developed the ideas of other cultures to suit their needs. They used the arch to build strong aqueducts, bridges, and arenas. They altered the Greek calendar to create a calendar very sim.

You can add a calendar to your website or blog. Your calendar is completely customizable to fit your site's aesthetic and your style. You can even upload your own images and use our

The Calendar component is a UI control that enables users to choose one or more dates from a graphical calendar presented in a single month or multi month interface. Calendars are generated entirely via script and can be navigated without any page refreshes. You'll find the Calendar Control to be a useful and easy-to-implement enhancement to any date-selection interaction. you may also find that the Calendar's foundation classes are a good place to start for more complex interfaces that visually organize date-tagged information (like appointments, photos, events, etc.).

To use the Calendar Control, include the JS source files for Calendar and its dependencies in your web page along with the default CSS file, as shown below.

Class name to an element that is a parent of the element in which the YUI Calendar Control lives. You can usually accomplish this simply by putting the class on the

For a simple Calendar implementation, the only markup you need on the page is a DIV element into which the Calendar can be rendered.

Passing the constructor at least one argument. the id of (or a reference to) the DIV element on the page into which the control should be inserted. For a single page Calendar, this DIV element should be otherwise empty. // A DIV with id "cal1Container" should already exist on the page var cal1 = new YAHOO. widget. Calendar("cal1Container"). cal1.render(). The full constructor for Calendar looks like this.

Is the ID that should be assigned to the Calendar instance's table element (the table will be created by the Calendar instance when it is rendered). If not provided, the ID will be generated from the container's ID by adding an "_t" suffix

Is the ID of the HTML element where the Calendar will be inserted, or a reference to the element itself (this element must already exist on the page). In the case of an HTMLElement reference being provided, if it does not have an ID one will be generated for it using

NOTE. Prior to 2.4.0, the Calendar constructor required at least 2 arguments, id and containerId. As of 2.4.0, the calendar constructor has a simpler and more flexible form. The only required argument is the id of the containing HTMLElement (or a reference to the containing HTMLElement) as shown above. The older signature, which requires both a calendar id and a container id is still fully supported. You can continue to use it if you need a specific id set on the Calendar. The basic single month Calendar, with the default YUI Sam Skin, looks like this. See a functional calendar example.

By default, the Calendar is set to the current month and enables the selection of a single Calendar date. In addition to the HTML IDs described above, Calendar can accept an optional configuration object that allows various configuration attributes to be set. The configuration attributes are passed to the constructor in the form of an object literal. For example. var cal1 = new YAHOO. widget. Calendar(cal1, cal1Container, { pagedate.5/2007, selected.5/5/2007-5/27/2007,5/30/2007 } ). cal1.render(). There are three different ways to set properties for Calendar and CalendarGroup. In the code examples that follow, each of these three approaches is illustrated in setting Calendar's

Property. // 1. In the constructor, via an object literal. var myCalendar = new YAHOO. widget. Calendar(myCalendar, myCalendarContainer, { selected.1/1/2007-1/7/2007 }). myCalendar. render(). // 2. Via queueProperty and fireQueue. var myCalendar = new YAHOO. widget. Calendar(myCalendar, myCalendarContainer). myCalendar. cfg. queueProperty(selected,1/1/2007-1/7/2007,false). myCalendar. cfg. fireQueue(). myCalendar. render(). // 3. Via setProperty var myCalendar = new YAHOO. widget. Calendar(myCalendar, myCalendarContainer). myCalendar. cfg. setProperty(selected,1/1/2007-1/7/2007,false). myCalendar. render(). The following table contains an itemization of Calendar's frequently used configuration properties. Use the syntax patterns described above in this section to use these configuration properties in your Calendar implementation. NOTE. Most visual configuration properties require a call to

Before changes become visible, as indicated in the "Render Required" column. This call can either be made explicitly as in the above examples, or the Calendar or CalendarGroup ends up calling it internally, when the page is changed

Sets the calendar's visible month and year. If set using a string, the default string format is mm/yyyy.

Sets the calendar's selected dates. The built-in default date format is MM/DD/YYYY. Ranges are defined using MM/DD/YYYY-MM/DD/YYYY. Month/day combinations are defined using MM/DD. Any combination of these can be combined by delimiting the string with commas. For example. 12/24/2005,12/25/2005,1/18/2006-1/21/2006

Sets the Calendar's minimum selectable date, either in the form of a Javascript Date object, or a string date (e. g. 4/12/2007).

Sets the Calendar's maximum selectable date, either in the form of a Javascript Date object, or a string date (e. g. 4/12/2007).

Configures the CalendarNavigator (Year Selector) feature for the Calendar. If set to true, the Calendar's Year Selector functionality is enabled. The CalendarNavigator's configuration can be customized (strings, month format etc.) by setting this property to an object literal as defined in the Navigator Configuration Object documentation.

The image path used for the left navigation arrow. As of version 2.2.0, this property has been deprecated. See Customizing Calendar Images

The image path used for the right navigation arrow. As of version 2.2.0, this property has been deprecated. See Customizing Calendar Images

Creating a 2 month Calendar follows the same pattern seen above with the single month Calendar. To create a 2 month Calendar, instantiate

NOTE. Prior to 2.4.0, the CalendarGroup constructor also required at least 2 arguments, id and containerId. As of 2.4.0 the CalendarGroup constructor also has a simpler and more flexible format as mentioned above for the Calendar constructor. The 2 Month Calendar, with the default YUI Sam Skin, looks like this. See a functional example of the CalendarGroup control which display 3 months together.

The default Calendar or CalendarGroup UI, does not provide a mechanism to jump directly to a given month/year, which can be useful in applications where the dates, or range of dates, to be selected spans multiple years (e. g. a "Date of Birth" picker). 2.4.0 introduces a

Configuration option which when enabled, provides a UI to allow the user to directly jump to a given month/year. The navigator is popped up when the user clicks on the Month/Year label. The Calendar, with CalendarNavigator displayed, looks like this. The default implementation allows you to use the arrow up/arrow down and page up/page down keys when focused on the year input box, to increment or decrement the year in minor

Intervals (NOTE. The page up/page down functionality is not supported for Opera9 on MacOS, due to an inability to prevent default behavior, but the arrow keys can still be used). The CalendarNavigator functional example walks you through enabling and configuring this feature.

Method. This method returns a sorted array of JavaScript Date objects. // Initialize and render the Calendar var cal1 = new YAHOO. widget. Calendar("cal1Container"). cal1.render(). // Later in your application, when you need the selected dates var arrDates = cal1.getSelectedDates(). for (var i = 0. i < arrDates. length. ++i) { var date = arrDates[i]. // Work with selected date. // var displayMonth = date. getMonth() + 1. // var displayYear = date. getFullYear(). // var displayDate = date. getDate(). } Another common way of working with selected dates, especially when responding to user selection, is by listening for the

The Calendar component has built in support for internationalization. To modify the locale settings, simply set the appropriate configuration attributes. var cal1 = new YAHOO. widget. Calendar("cal1","cal1Container"). // Correct formats for Germany. dd. mm. yyyy, dd. mm, mm. yyyy cal1.cfg. setProperty("DATE_FIELD_DELIMITER", "."). cal1.cfg. setProperty("MDY_DAY_POSITION", 1). cal1.cfg. setProperty("MDY_MONTH_POSITION", 2). cal1.cfg. setProperty("MDY_YEAR_POSITION", 3). cal1.cfg. setProperty("MD_DAY_POSITION", 1). cal1.cfg. setProperty("MD_MONTH_POSITION", 2). // Date labels for German locale cal1.cfg. setProperty("MONTHS_SHORT", ["Jan", "Feb", "M\u00E4r", "Apr", "Mai", "Jun", "Jul", "Aug", "Sep", "Okt", "Nov", "Dez"]). cal1.cfg. setProperty("MONTHS_LONG", ["Januar", "Februar", "M\u00E4rz", "April", "Mai", "Juni", "Juli", "August", "September", "Oktober", "November", "Dezember"]). cal1.cfg. setProperty("WEEKDAYS_1CHAR", ["S", "M", "D", "M", "D", "F", "S"]). cal1.cfg. setProperty("WEEKDAYS_SHORT", ["So", "Mo", "Di", "Mi", "Do", "Fr", "Sa"]). cal1.cfg. setProperty("WEEKDAYS_MEDIUM",["Son", "Mon", "Die", "Mit", "Don", "Fre", "Sam"]). cal1.cfg. setProperty("WEEKDAYS_LONG", ["Sonntag", "Montag", "Dienstag", "Mittwoch", "Donnerstag", "Freitag", "Samstag"]). cal1.render(). See functional examples of German and Japanese Calendars. Calendar supports the following propreties that can be individually configured using the

Position in which the month name is rendered in the Month/Year label in the Calendar header (e. g. "January" in "January 2008")

Position in which the year number is rendered in the Month/Year label in the Calendar header (e. g. "2008" in "January 2008")

String suffix to render after the month name in the Month/Year label in the Calendar header (e. g. " de " in "Julho de 2008")

Styling the Calendar is as easy as writing some custom CSS. The Calendar is semantically styled with built-in CSS classes representing the year, month, week, weekday, and day of the month. Each is defined using a basic CSS class name.

As of release 2.2.0 all default Calendar images are defined using CSS rules in calendar. css and hence can be modified by simply overriding the background property for these default rules. In addition to making it easier to customize Calendar images, this also allows you to refer to your images with relative paths and not have to worry about SSL vs. Non-SSL absolute URLs. The default CSS class selectors used are.

So for example, to modify the close icon, left arrow and right arrow images to point to custom images under your "customimages" folder, you would add the following CSS rules to your implementation. These rules specify the custom image file URLs as well as their sizes, if they differ from the defaults. /* The size of the custom close image is the same as the default version, hence no need to override width/height */ .yui-calcontainer .calclose { background. url("/customimages/myCloseImage. gif") no-repeat. } /* Custom arrow images override background image url and width/height properties */ .yui-calendar .calnavleft { background. url("/customimages/my12x12LeftArrow. gif") no-repeat. width.12px. height.12px. } .yui-calendar .calnavright { background. url("/customimages/my12x12RightArrow. gif") no-repeat. width.12px. height.12px. } NOTE. These rules will be prefixed with the default YUI Sam Skin class (

), if you're working with Calendar's Sam Skin CSS file. See YUI's skinning reference article for more details about prefixing skin related CSS rules with a skin class. Versions of Calendar prior to 2.2.0 provided two configuration properties, NAV_ARROW_LEFT and NAV_ARROW_RIGHT, to allow for the customization of the left and right arrow images. These properties have been deprecated. Additionally the IMG_ROOT property has also been deprecated since images can be pulled in either relatively (to the css file) or absolutely through the CSS rules. If you are using these properties to customize Calendar images your code will still work as expected but it is recommended that you move over to the new CSS rules as soon as possible.

The contents of the Calendar's cells can be customized by overriding the Calendar Control's events and rendering methods. The primary way to specify rendering behavior for a date or group of dates is by using the

Which means that, if this rule is processed, no more rendering rules should be processed after it. renderCellNotThisMonth = function(workingDate, cell) { YAHOO. util. Dom. addClass(cell, this. Style. CSS_CELL_OOM). cell. innerHTML=workingDate. getDate(). return YAHOO. widget. Calendar. STOP_RENDER. } Render rules are processed in a LIFO ("last in, first out," or stack) method, where the last renderer added will be the first processed.

The calendar also has several events (see the API documentation for the Calendar Control) that can be subscribed to, to alter the calendar's behavior.

NOTE. As of 2.3.0, Calendar's select(), selectCell(), deselect() and deselectCell() have been fixed, so that attempting to select/deselect invalid dates programmatically (e. g. dates which are before or after the min/max date settings) does not change the Calendar state, mirroring the behavior when attempting to select such dates using the UI. In cases where you attempt to programmatically select/deselect dates which are invalid, state change events will not be fired, since the Calendar state will not have changed. See the release notes for more details on this change. When using YAHOO. widget. Calendar or YAHOO. widget. CalendarGroup, events can be subscribed to on the instance.

The YUI Calendar Control works without any major issues on the Nokia N95 and Apple iPhone default browsers and we'd expect similar behavior on other A-Grade-based mobile browsers. The default Sam Skin implementation for Calendar works well for mobile devices devices also. It provides enough whitespace around UI targets, such as navigation buttons and cells, so as to be usable on touch-screen devices like the iPhone along with their zoom capabilities. If you do wish to optimize the mobile experience for users, you may consider serving up custom skin CSS based on the user agent strings for the mobile browser. The YAHOO mobile section has an example of how to parse the user agent string on the client. the same logic can be applied on the server also. Some things you may want to modify when creating a custom skin.

This targets the table. You could also target the calendar container, or change the default font size for the page as a whole.

Zoom Support. The iPhone will allow you to zoom into a specific bounding box on the page. For example, double-tapping on the Calendar's navigation bar

Will zoom you in to the width of Calendar control, whereas double-tapping on a cell will zoom you into the bounding box for the cell

You could consider increasing the size of double-tap targets, so that the user has an easily targetable area to zoom into the Calendar as a whole, as well as the cells. Related CSS rules.

Assign-A-Day is a free tool designed to enhance teacher and student communication through an online teacher-managed calendar. Teachers create a calendar for each of their classes and add assignments for the students to view. Students view their teachers' calendars in order to see assignments for classes they might have missed, or to get an overview of the class. Here you can view a sample calendar. New features of Assign-A-Day include.

Though this tool is free, you must Register to keep your calendar information organized. Register Now

This tool is for school, activity, and class calendars only. Personal calendars will be deleted without notification as will calendars with inappropriate entries. Calendars with no entries will be deleted within 2 weeks. Please add the word Demo to your calendar if you are just practicing and don't want your calendar to be saved.

O Instantly updateable web-based Availability Calendars for your cottage, villa, caravans website. o No programming needed, setup and customisation service o versions suitable for all users from single to multi-property websites.

After a lot of work and testing we are now ready to launch the newest version of our Property Rental Management tool. Keep full details of your bookings, costs and payments, keep a list of your contacts, and send standard emails, and Newsletter emails. Full synchronisation of Instant Calendars with back office program, comprehensive reports, easier to use. (more.)

Instant Free Calendars You don't often get things for free in life but these calendars really are FREE. Sign up for a new account and you can have up to 12 of your very own Availability Calendars like this for your cottage or Villa Website, Item Hire, in minutes (more.)

Flat File Calendars What does Flat File mean? Well, every web-based availability calendar has to store it's data somehow. These calendars store their data in a text document which you could read (only it would be meaningless gibberish!). We have a version for Guesthouses, as well as Daily and Weekly Versions cottages/Villa sites (more.)

Multiple Calendars OK, these are the serious calendars for multiple property websites. These calendars store all their availability data in a MYSQL database which is located on your webspace. This means you get unlimited calendars for your website. These calendars come in a Daily and a Weekly version (more.)

Which calendar ? Our Instant Calendars can be used on any web site. Our Flat File and Multiple calendars can only be used on sites hosted on LINUX. Our Multiple Calendars can only be used on sites hosted with MYSQL databases

Welcome to the Calendar Nexus, Vertex42's directory of free printable calendars and templates. Browse our listings by selecting one of the categories below. The calendars are available in the following formats. Adobe PDF (.pdf), Microsoft Excel (.xls), and GIF image (.gif). Bookmark this page!

These free calendars are .PDF files that can be downloaded and printed. Print in color, or black and white.

A FREE perpetual Excel calendar. It creates a monthly calendar for almost any year and month. Also, a version for Excel 2007 that works with themes to easily modify the color scheme.

Free printable daily planner template. Great for students! Fully customizable. This is what we'd call our daily calendar, as well.

If you have a website or blog, share our free calendars with your visitors! To link to this page, just copy the following html code to your website.

There are all kinds of CU-Boulder "Buffs"from film Buffs to music Buffs, culture Buffs to art Buffs, sports Buffs to history Buffs, lecture Buffs to science Buffs. We host hundreds of events throughout the yearincluding academic colloquia and events specific to CU-Boulder studentsand you can find out about them all at the CU-Boulder Events Calendar.

Academics Academic Calendar Semesters, deadlines, finals, holidays, and breaks Graduation Commencement Information for graduates and visitors Events Calendar CU-Boulder Events Calendar Find information on hundreds of campus events for all kinds of CU-Boulder Buffs. Colleges and Schools College of Engineering and Applied Science Graduate School Leeds School of Business School of Law College of Music Events and Exhibits Alumni Association Art Museum Artist Series College of Music Performance Schedule Career Services Events and Presentations Colorado Shakespeare Festival Conference on World Affairs CU Buffs CU Museum CU Opera Department of Fine Arts Visiting Artist Series Fiske Planetarium Humanities and the Arts International Film Series Libraries Special Events and Exhibits Macky Auditorium Concert Hall Program Council Sommers-Bausch Observatory Theatre and Dance University Memorial Center Colloquia Applied Mathematics Chemistry and Biochemistry Computer Science Geological Sciences Institute of Behavioral Sciences (IBS) Physics Colloquia Outreach Programs Community Relations CU 4 K12 CU Wizards Science Discovery Professional Development Continuing Education Open to the public Faculty Teaching Excellence Program For CU-Boulder Faculty Graduate Teacher Program For CU-Boulder Graduate Students ITS Training For CU-Boulder Faculty, Staff, and Students Organizational and Employee Development For CU-Boulder Faculty, Staff, and Students

The beginning of the month in the Babylonian calendar was determined by the direct observation by priests of the young crescent moon at sunset after the astronomical New Moon. This custom is remembered in Judaism and Islm with the principle that the new calendar day begins at sunset. In Islm, months whose commencement is of religious significance, like the month after the Fast of Ramadn, still depend on the actual observation of the crescent moon by a respected religious authority.

If weather prevented the observation of the crescent, the Babylonians would begin the new month anyway after 30 days. In the Jewish and Islmic calendars, each month is given a conventional length, alternating 30 days and 29 days. For convenience, the table at left applies that device for the Babylonian months, which will enable us to construct a working model of the Babylonian calendar without the priests of Marduk. With the actual observation of the crescent by the Babylonians, eventually a pattern emerged, and this began to suggest a cycle. This was the 19 Year Cycle, discussed below. The cycle settled down into its classic form in the 19 year period beginning in 424 BC [R. A. Parker & W. H. Dubberstein, Babylonian Chronology, Providence, R. I., 1956]. A fairly complete record of intercalations is available from about 623. The distribution of intercalary months is evident from about 500, while the 424 cycle is noteworthy in that a second Ululu becomes standard in the 17th year. As it happens, the 17th year is the one in which Nisannu occurs the earliest. The Babylonian New Year was, astronomically, the first New Moon (actually the first visible crescent) after the Vernal Equinox. Modern dates on the Gregorian calendar for the Babylonian New Year may be chosen from the following table. In this table, the "uncorrected" dates use the 19 year lunar cycle, just as it was established in the 5th century BC, continued straight down to the present. The earliest New Year is marked with "<" and the latest with ">." Note that in the "uncorrected early" column the earliest date is only 3/31 and the latest is all the way to 4/28. The 19 year cycle adjusts lunar months to the solar year. but if the Babylonian New Year was supposed to be the first New Moon after the Vernal Equinox, then the system has been running slow and the cycle is much in need of correction. There are no priests of Marduk any more to do that. The correction, however, can be accomplished simply by delaying every single intercalation a whole year. Hence the "corrected" columns, where earliest and latest dates are 3/20 & 4/17 (or 3/21 & 4/18).

Early" and "late" refer to the best day to see the new crescent (meaning the previous evening of the calendar date, however, since by Babylonian reckoning, as with the Jewish and Moslem calendars today, the day begins at sunset). This is the other problem that such a calendar must deal with, to adjust the length of the lunar month to whole days. This was not even attempted by the Babylonians, so the table just provides a range (early vs. late), that we can compare with other lunar and luni-solar calendars. On the Moslem calendar the first day of the month is usually the second day after the astronomical New Moon (so that the crescent can be observed). The "late" columns fit that pretty well. On the Jewish calendar, the first day of the month can be the New Moon itself, or it can be delayed as much as on the Moslem calendar. In 1992, for instance, both the Jewish and the Moslem months (Niisn & Shawwaal) corresponding to the Babylonian New Year happen to begin on 4/4, only a day after the astronomical New Moon, so the "early" date would be preferable for the 1992 Babylonian New Year, lest 1 Nisannu be lonely on 4/5. The "AN" years are the Era of Nabonassar, Anno Nabonassari, dating from the reign of the Babylonian King Nabns. iru in 747 BC. Any AN year can be obtained simply by adding 747 to the year of the AD era. Note that 747 BC is equivalent to -746 AD (1 BC=0 AD). The appropriate Seleucid year (Anno Seleucidarum), named after Seleucus I, one of Alexander the Great's generals, who obtained the eastern part of Alexander's Empire, can be calculated by adding 311 to the AD era -- e. g. 1992 AD = 2739 AN = 2303 Anno Seleucidarum -- but the Greek reckoning of 2303 begins the previous fall. The Era of Nabonassar works excellently for the Babylonian calendar, since dividing any AN year by 19 gives the year of the 19 year cycle as the remainder. e. g. 2739/19 = 144 rem 3. Although the 19 year cycle was not regularized until the 4th century, the astronomical records handed down from the Babylonian Priests Kidunnu and Berossos through the Greco-Roman astronomer Claudius Ptolemy begin with Nabonassar. It was Ptolemy who thus formulated the Era of Nabonassar for his astronomical reckoning. The Era was never used by the Babylonians themselves. A further complication was that the Era of Nabonassar was only used by Ptolemy in conjunction with the Egyptian calendar, which had a year that was exactly 365 days long (no leap years) and so ran fast. That "Era of Nabonassar" was already up to 2741 in 1992. The Seleucid Era was used with the Babylonian calendar, but division by 19 inconveniently does not work with it. The Era of Nabonassar doesn't cover much of Mesopotamian history, but it does cover the history of the calendar that we know about. and Ptolemy's "Canon of Kings," a list of rulers from Nabonassar to the Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius, was absolutely fundamental for ancient chronology -- as recounted in E. J. Bickerman's Chronology of the Ancient World [Cornell, 1982]. The tables above are not constructed from astronomical data (except indirectly) but are schematically determined using a trick borrowed from the construction of the Gregorian Easter tables. the corresponding New Moon for the following year is determined simply by subtracting 11 from the given year's date. e. g. a 4/26 New Year one year means that the next year it will be 4/15. In an intercalary year (marked with "*"), 30 days are added. e. g. 4/4 -11 +30 = 4/23. This works out quite well, except that it comes out a day off after 19 years. The Gregorian Easter reckoning simply ignores that extra day. With the Babylonian calendar, something else is possible. once every 19 years a second month of Ululu is added as the intercalary month instead of a second Addaru. Originally that was in the 17th year (marked ""). If Ululu II is added as 29 days instead of 30, that makes the whole cycle come out even, which is what is done in the table. Year 17 also happens to be the one with the earliest New Year, so we could adopt the rule that the year with the earliest New Year, which will always be an intercalary year, is also the one with an extra Ululu instead of an extra Addaru. Hopefully, the priests of Marduk would have approved. In the "corrected" calendar, the year with Ululu II turns out to be year 18 anyway, which isn't very different from the traditional year. Using Gregorian dates as above, we end up off by a day against the moon about every 235 years. Thus, as time goes on, a day must occasionally be added to the given dates. Right now we happen to be in a bit of a cusp. the "late" tables above will become increasingly accurate and will remain so for a couple of centuries, longer than we now need to worry about. Or we can simply construct a complete modern system for the Babylonian calendar, as follows. Adding 7 months every 19 years approximates the solar year with 235 lunar months. That is mathematically (by continued fractions) the most accurate convenient cycle for a luni-solar calendar and would give, using the mean value of the synodic month ( us. days), a year of us. days long. This may be called the "Metonic" year, after the Greek astronomer who described the cycle, although the Babylonians discovered it first. The mean solar (tropical) year is us. days long. The calendar thus has two problems. (1) This is more accurate than the Julian Calendar (365.25) but less accurate than the Gregorian ( us. ) and must in the long run make provision for correction -- it is off a day every 219 years against the sun. (2) The calendar cannot be corrected for the sun by subtracting a day every 219 years or so, because this would then put it out of synchronization with the moon. A luni-solar calendar must regulate its lunar side with days and its solar side by its addition of months. The solar side thus must be corrected by modifying the 19 year cycle, most conveniently by delaying an intercalation every 342 years (18 cycles). By such delays, the calendar would lose an entire month after 6498 years, which reduces the Metonic year to us. days, accurate to a day in 336,700 years. For the moon, days may be added just as days are added to the Julian, Gregorian, and Moslem calendars. The Julian pattern, a day every four years, is conveniently accurate, more accurate than in the Julian calendar itself. 365.25 days is off a day in 307 years against the Metonic year but off a day in only 128 years against the solar year [note that the Gregorian year, us., is less accurate against the Metonic year, off a day in 235 years]. A Gregorian-like correction on the Julian year may thus be imposed against the Metonic year. skipping a day every 300 years. 365 + 1/4 - 1/300 = us. That approximates the Metonic year to within a day every 12,555 years. Quite accurate enough for the moon. With the 6498 year cycle of intercalations, 365 +1/4 - 1/300 - 29/6498, this produces a solar year of us. days. That is not quite as accurate as the pure intercalation cycle. it is now off a day in 201,005 years. That is practically perfect, however. the orbits of the earth and the moon are liable to vary enough in that period of time, and the rotation of the earth to slow down enough, to render greater "accuracy" meaningless.

The Jewish and Moslem Calendars and the Era of Nabonassar A Modern Luni-Solar Calendar Philosophy of Religion Philosophy of Science, Calendars Philosophy of Science Philosophy of History Home Page

The Jewish calendar (described below) retains not only the Babylonian Month names (e. g. Nisan for Nisannu) but also the Babylonian 19 year cycle. The adoption of the cycle is evidently the reform effected by the Patriarch Hillel II in the 4th century, but the cycle as presently constituted dates from the 9th or 10th centuries, when the complete calendar system was apparently formulated. The 19 year cycle is the only true cycle in the Jewish calendar, since the method of adding days depends on the mean value of the synodic month and does not produce a repetition of dates within any significant length of time. The dates of R'sh Hashshnh, however, roughly repeat after 247 years (13 cycles).

The Moslem calendar consists of years of 12 lunar months. A reform effected by the Prophet Muh. ammad dispenses with attempts at intercalation. The Moslem year is therefore short, only 354 or 355 days, and the calendar runs fast. The Era for the calendar begins on the evening of the Prophet's Flight from Mecca to Medina. That occurred at the time of the first visible crescent of the New Moon, on the first day of the month of Muh. arram, or 16 July 622 AD (Julian reckoning). The "Flight" in Arabic is the H. ijrah, so the Era of the Moslem calendar is called that of the H. ijrah or, in English, the Hegira -- "AH," the Anno Hegirae. The problem of the Moslem clalendar is then simply to add days to keep it accurate with the moon. This is accomplished with a calendar cycle that adds 11 days every 30 years -- in years 2, 5, 7, 10, 13, 16, 18, 21, 24, 26, and 29. The extra day comes at the end of the calendar year, making the month of Dhuu lH. ijjah 30 days long instead of 29. There are 360 months in the cycle, and 354 days in a common year. The gives 10620 + 11 = 10631 days for the cycle, or an average of us. days for the month. That will be off a day against the mean synodic month ( us. ) every 2568.5 (Moslem) years, or just slightly less accurate for the moon than the Gregorian calendar is for the sun (off a day in 3320 years). Since the Jewish calendar adds a month every two or three years, the correspondence between Jewish and Moslem months shifts at those times. Muh. arram of year 1 of the Hegira Era corresponded to Abh in the Jewish calendar. Muh. arram moves entirely around through the seasons and returns to being Abh in 32 or 33 years. If we ask how long it would take for the 19 year Jewish cycle and the 30 year Moslem cycle to commensurate, this turns out to be 1368 solar (Jewish) or 1410 Moslem years. The following table shows how these numbers break down into prime (or small multiples of prime) factors.

The number of months in a 19 year cycle is 235, which is simply 47 times 5. 47 is then the smallest number of Moslem 30 year cycles (360 months) that is commensurate with an integer number of 19 year cycles (72). 47 30-year cycles is 16920 months, or 1410 Moslem years. 16920 months is 72 19-year cycles, or 1368 (72 times 19) Jewish years. In Iran a "solar" Hegira Era is also used, so 1410 lunar Moslem years would equal 1368 solar Iranian Moslem years (at least on the approximation of the 19 year cycle). 1368 is a number that turns out to have a curious property. 1368 years before 622 AD puts us in 747 BC, the first year of the Era of Nabonassar. An interesting coincidence. The year 1 AH is thus the year 1369 AN. The full Jewish/Moslem cycle brings us from 622 AD down into our own time. 622 plus 1368 is 1990. The year 1990 thus corresponds to 1411 AH and to 2737 (1368 x 2 + 1) AN. This may be of no practical importance, but it is a curiosity of history that the Era of a Babylonian King, as used by a Greco-Roman astronomer with the Egyptian calendar, fits in with the Era of the Moslem calendar on the basis of a cycle generated by the interaction of the Moslem calendar 30 year cycle and the Babylonian 19 year cycle as used by the Jewish calendar. Since the chronology of ancient history is based on the Era of Nabonassar in Ptolemy's Canon of Kings anyway, it makes one wonder if the Era of Nabonassar should be used as the proper, neutral Common Era between the religions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.

The Babylonian Calendar The Jewish Calendar Islmic Dates with Julian Day Numbers A Modern Luni-Solar Calendar Philosophy of Religion Philosophy of Science, Calendars Philosophy of Science Philosophy of History Home Page

Information about the origin of the modern Jewish calendar is not always historically accurate. It is often said that the calendar was formulated by Patriarch Hillel II in 358/359 AD. However, it appears likely that the calendar reform at this point was simply to introduce the Babylonian 19 year cycle, which meant that lunar intercalations did not need to be announced year by year. We can estimate the date for the present full mechanism of the calendar from the amount of error that has accumulated. The benchmark for the New Moon is now accurate for a meridian in Afghanistan. If we run things back to when it would have been accurate for a meridian through Jerusalem or Babylon, the centers of Jewish life and calendar studies, we just get back to around the 9th or 10th centuries. As it happens, we know that there were controversies about the calendar in that era. Saddiah Goan ( us. ), who wrote works on the calendar, participated in a dispute about whether the Palestinian or Babylonian communities would rule on calendar issues. He represented the Babylonian community (which by then centered more in Baghdad, where recourse was sometimes needed to the Caliph, than in Babylon), which won the dispute. It seems beyond coincidence that was the period for which the new Moon benchmark would have been accurate. The following technique for analyzing the Jewish calendar is based on that of Charles Kluepfel, known from personal correspondence, with definitions paraphrased from Arthur Spier, The Comprehensive Hebrew Calendar (Feldheim Publishers, 1986). The date of R'sh Hashshnh is determined by the occurrence of the actual mean New Moon, the Mld, associated with the first month of the year, Tishrii. Calculated to an accuracy of 3/10 of a minute, the length of the synodic month is expressed in special units (at 18/minute or 1080/hour) called "parts" (p). The synodic month (m) is thus 765433p long. The day is considered to begin at mean sunset or 6 PM. Noon is therefore reckoned to occur at 18h, not 12h. The Mld Tishrii is calculated by an absolute counting of months from a Benchmark of 5h 204p on Monday 7 October 3761 BC/BCE (the Mld Tishrii of year 1 Anno Mundi). If the reckoning of days is always kept to whole weeks following an original Shabbt, the remaining excess of parts places the Mld Tishrii in a clear relation to the week. In the following tables, only the excess of parts need be stated. For the determination of an absolute date in relation to other calendars, a count of whole weeks and excess parts may be made for convenience from a 0 year benchmark of Julian Date 347,610d, with an excess of 60,095p. Since there are 181,440p in a week (w), any excess of parts that exceeds that amount may be reduced by it, with 7d added to the count of days. A number for the day of the week must be added for the proper Julian Date. The four dehiyyt or postponements modify the way in which the Mld Tishrii determines R'sh Hashshnh.

In the tables below, on the left is found a notation such as "2/353/5," wherein "2" signifies the day upon which the year begins, i. e. a Monday, "353" the length of the year, and "5" the day upon which the following year begins, i. e. a Thursday. The equation to its right demonstrates how the length of the year and the day upon which the following year begins are calculated. A common year (C=12m) contains exactly 50w 113,196p, and a leap year (L=13m) exactly 54w 152,869p, with common and leap years arranged in the 19 year lunar cycle thus. 1 C, 2 C, 3 L, 4 C, 5 C, 6 L, 7 C, 8 L, 9 C, 10 C, 11 L, 12 C, 13 C, 14 L, 15 C, 16 C, 17 L, 18 C, 19 L. (This cycle, like the month names of the Jewish calendar, is adopted from the Babylonian calendar, and the position of an AM year in the cycle may be determined by finding the remainder after the year has been divided by 19 -- but the cycle has become inaccurate over the centuries so that at least the 8th and 19th year leap years should be delayed one year.) The excess of parts for each kind of year need only be added to the excess of parts for the current year to determine the placement of the Mld Tishrii for the following year and, as a consequence and with the addition of the weeks, the length of the current year. Determining the threshold for a change in the length of years starting on the same day simply involves reckoning backwards from the thresholds of the following years, as is shown by the use of subtraction rather than addition in the equations on the right. The thresholds calculated in the second dehiyyh are always underlined below.

Note that there is a new following year Thursday threshold from the third dehiyyh. The Jewish Eras of the World The Days of the Week A Modern Luni-Solar Calendar Philosophy of Religion Philosophy of Science, Calendars Philosophy of Science Philosophy of History Home Page

In the Christian context, the most famous estimate of Creation is certainly that of the Irish Archbishop James Ussher, who thought that the first day of the World was 23 October 4004 BC on the Julian Proleptic Calendar, a day reckoned, however, to have begun (in the Babylonian, Jewish, and Islamic fashion) the previous sunset. Since this date was used in many English editions of the Bible in the 19th century, many people, like William Jennings Bryan ( us. ), were left with the impression that this was the universally agreed result of Biblical research. Thus, Byran would reference it in his Creationist prosecution in the Scopes "Monkey Trial" of 1925. However, there were many Biblical estimates of the age of the world in Ussher's own 17th century, and the ones that had been used the longest originated with Byzantine historians as far back as the beginning of the 7th century. When I was in High School, I used to ask Jewish friends what it is that the era of the Jewish Calendar actually dated. They did not know. I had to read Isaac Asimov to discover that it was the Creation. The era was an Ann Mundi (AM), an "in the year of the world," date. The famliar Jewish Era goes back to 3760 BC, but, as in Christianity, this has not been the only estimate of the age of the world in the history of Judaism. My source on the variety of Jewish dates of Creation was a book I found while digging through the main library at the University of Texas. Modern Judaism. or a brief account of the opinions, traditions, rites, and ceremonies of the Jews in modern times, by John Allen ( us. ) [2nd Edition, R. B. Seeley and W. Burnside, London, 1830, pp us. ]. Since this was a book published in 1830, the "Modern" in the title now looks a little incongruous. But it is nice to see this list from a relatively naive source, i. e. one unaware of the subsequent history of geology and Darwinism. Allen was unaware of any certain source of the era, from 3760 BC, that had actually already become customary with the Jewish calendar. The "Universal History" referenced by Allen may be An Universal History. From the Earliest Accounts to the Present Time, by George Sale, George Psalmanazar, Archibald Bower, George Shelvocke, John Campbell, John Swinton [C. Bathurst, London, 1759]. The Days of the Week A Modern Luni-Solar Calendar Philosophy of Religion Philosophy of Science, Calendars Philosophy of Science Philosophy of History Home Page

There seems little call to have a modern luni-solar calendar, which keeps track of both the seasons and the Moon. Surviving luni-solar calendars, the Jewish and the Chinese, are now used mainly for ritual purposes. There is at least one conceivable reason, however, why such a calendar might eventually be desired. When there are human colonies on the Moon, it will be of rather more practical concern than it is on Earth what phase the Moon is in, since that determines whether it is day or night outside. For lunar inhabitants, this may or may not turn out to be of importance in their lives (since the surface conditions may not be of that much significance), but they might like an intuitive way of keeping track of it anyway. Since the rules for determining the actual date are complicated in both the Jewish and Chinese calendars, something simpler might be in order. The problem of any luni-solar calendar is its dual purpose. Keeping track of the Moon requires adjustment of days. Keeping track of the Sun requires adjustment of months. Adding or subtracting days, as the Julian or Gregorian calendars do, to adjust the seasons will not work, since this will ruin correspondence to the Moon. The best convenient rule for the Sun is thus still the Babylonian 19 year cycle. The continued fraction for the number of months per year ( us. ) can be seen at right. Adding 123 months every 334 years would be very cumbersome to keep track of. Another virtue of the 19 year cycle is that is can be used to keep track of the Moon also. There are 235 months per 19 year cycle, and this averages out to us. days/year. This means that the number of days per year in our calendar will track the Moon if it approximates the length of this "Metonic" year -- i. e. fitting the 235 lunar months rather than the actual 19 solar (tropical, i. e. tracking the seasons) years. The basic day pattern for the year can be borrowed from the practice of the Jewish and Islmic calendars, i. e. an alternation of 30 and 29 day months. The 19 year cycle then adds 7 months every 19 years. As considered for the Babylonian calendar above, if six of those months are 30 days each, and the 7th (the Ululu II that occurs only once every 19 years) is 29 days, this averages out to exactly 365 days per year. (19 x ((6 x 30) + (6 x 29)) + (6 x 30) + 29)/19 = 365. Intercalary days must then be added to this to approximate the Metonic year. The easiest rule for adding days to a year is the Julian intercalation, i. e. an extra day every 4 years. This is familiar and very easy to keep track of. It is also more accurate for the Metonic year than for the tropical year -- off a day in 307 years rather than the day in 128 years that the Julian calendar errs against the seasons. This also gives us the simplest correction to use for the Julian intercalation. Century years evenly divisible by 300 would not be leap years for our luni-solar calendar = 365 +1/4 -1/300. This gives a year of us. days [where "6" is a repeating decimal]. Against the Metonic year, that is only off a day in 12,555 years, at least four times as accurate as the Gregorian calendar, and even more accurate for the Moon than the purely lunar Islmic calendar. That takes care of the Moon. The remaining problem, however, is that the Metonic year is not accurate enough for the Sun. It is off a day in 219 years -- more accurate than the Julian calendar (off a day in 128 years), but not by much. The 365 +1/4 -1/300 day year is off a day in 224 years. Retaining the 19 year cycle means that it must occasionally be adjusted. It runs slow, and so the dates fall later in the year over time. The way to adjust it is to periodically delay one of the intercalations of months. In a 19 year cycle, one year starts the latest. This will follow the intercalary year that itself starts the latest. When the latest year is starting too late, the intercalation in the previous year can be delayed into the following year, which means that the year starting the latest suddenly becomes the year starting the earliest. As it happens this can be conveniently done after exactly 18 of the 19 year cycles, i. e. every 342 years. After every delay has been done 19 times, i. e. once for every year in the cycle, we get a larger cycle in which the pattern of delays will occur again -- 342 x 19 = 6498 years. After a complete 6498 year cycle, what ends up happening is that one of the 29 day months disappears. it has in effect been delayed out of existence. Now, 365 +1/4 -1/300 -29/6498 gives us an average solar year of us. days. This only off a day against the tropical year in over 200,000 years -- accurate far beyond the limits of certainty, just as the 6498 year cycle itself is longer than human history. Such a calendar serves the purpose. Four things have to be kept track of. (1) the leap day every 4 years, (2) the loss of a leap day every 300 years, (3) our position in the 19 year cycle, and (4) the delay of the latest intercalation in the 19 year cycle every 342 years. The rest takes care of itself -- i. e. we don't have to worry where we are in the 6498 year cycle. Another way to do this calendar, however, is set aside the Julian intercalation and the 300 year correction and to piggyback our reckoning onto the Gregorian calendar. This makes it easier to determine actual dates, Gregorian dates, for luni-solar reckoning. The Gregorian year is 365 +1/4 -3/400 = us. days. This is off one day in 3320 years against the seasons and one day in 220 years against the Metonic year. Exactly 12 of the 19 year cycles equals 228 years. If we figure a day correction after that span we get, 365 +1/4 -3/400 +1/228 = us. This is off just a day in 7161 years against the Metonic year. This is quite accurate enough for our purposes, indeed more than twice as accurate as the Gregorian year is for the Sun. If we figure in the 342 year corrections of the 19 year cycle, we get 365 +1/4 -3/400 +1/228 -29/6498 = us. This is off a day against the Sun in 4459 years, more accurate than the Gregorian calendar itself, but in the same order of magnitude. A 228 year cycle also turns out to be quite convenient when we realize that three of them are equal to two 342 year cycles. 3 x 228 = 2 x 342 = 684 years. This is also, by a nice coincidence, actually half of the 1368 years that has been noted as the period in which the cycles of the Jewish and Islmic calendars are commensurable -- 1368 years also being the span between the beginning of the Era of Nabonassar (747 BC) and the beginning of the Islmic Hegira Era (622 AD). A further 1368 years brings us down to our time, to 1990 AD. In constructing the Gregorian dates for our luni-solar calendar, we operate on the principle that the year, using the Babylonian New Year, should start on or after the Vernal Equinox. This is defined as March 21st for the Gregorian calendar, but it usually occurs on March 20th (Universal Time). As it happens, the calendar can be conveniently designed so that the earliest New Year in each 19 year cycle just ranges from March 20th to March 22nd. The latest New Year then ranges from April 17th to April 19th. Actual dates can then be constructed using a simple rule from the Gregorian Easter reckoning. Each year, the lunar dates occur 11 days earlier. Thus, a New Year one year on 4/15 will occur on 4/4 the next year.

When a month is intercalated, this adds 30 days, unless, of course, it is the Ululu II, when only 29 days are added. After 19 years, this returns to the original date. We don't worry about the Julian intercalation or its corrections because the Gregorian calendar takes care of that for us. We just apply the 228 year day correction against the Gregorian calendar. and the 342 year month correction against the 19 year cycle. In the table at left, which covers the first 1368 years of the Era of Nabonassar, "<" marks the year with the earliest New Year, ">" marks the year with the latest New Year, "*" marks ordinary intercalary years, and "" marks the intercalation of the 29 day Ululu II. The later, it will be observed, always occurs in the year with the earliest New Year. The column with the darker shade of purple background, beginning in 405 BC (or 343 AN), is the one in which the classic Babylonian 19 year cycle was fixed, where the intercalations are in the 3rd, 6th, 8th, 11th, 14th, 17th, and 19th years, with the Ululu II in the 17th year. The 9th year is the one with the latest New Year. The intercalation in the 8th year is the one that is next delayed, in 63 BC (or 685 AN).

The Hegira Era here, of course, has to be the solar Hegira, as is used in Irn -- which conveniently also happens to be reckoned from the Vernal Equinox (Nou Rz, "New Day," in Persian), unlike the standard Islmic New Year, which moves through the seasons. Also important to note is that the zero year in the tables, although the benchmark, is prior to the actual first year of the calendar cycle. 622 AD, then is year 1, not year 0, in the cycle. and its luni-solar New Year will be on 3/22. In each of these 1368 periods, there are four intercalation delays, the first at the beginning. There are six day corrections. The delay and the day correction occur at the same time twice in the period, at the beginning and at the 684 year point. This coincidence frequently result in a two day change, rather than just one. Where this occurs, we sometimes have the phenomenon of the extra day being taken back later. Thus, in the 11th year of the cycles in the Hegira Era table, we go from 4/2 to 4/4 to 4/5 but then back to 4/4 again. This counterintuitive sort of retrograde movement occurs because of the way our 29 day leap month jumps around from one period to another. A similar oddity turns up in the Gregorian Easter tables.

The table at right compares the dates in the current corrected cycle to what they would be if we stuck to the original Babylonian 19 year cycle without the correction of delaying the intercalations. This is given with the benchmark date a day earlier. Given variations in the actual dates of the New Moons, the concern in the corrected calendar, since Ululu II might occur early in the cycle and subtract a day from subsequent years, is to keep the New Year's date from occuring too early. In the uncorrected cycle, since Ululu II occurs late, this is of less concern. Comparing the corrected and uncorrected cycles, it can be noted that all seven intercalations have by this point been delayed to the next year. The last one to be delayed, from the 17th year, was the earliest (or, on the proposed system, the new) intercalation back in the foundational cycle in 405 BC. There is a nice symmetry in this, and another nice coincidence with our place in the Era of Nabonassar. All of these dates are based on the Babylonian rule for the beginning of the Month. Not the New Moon, but the first day on which the Young Moon, a crescent, can be seen right after sunset. This is usually the second calendar day after the New Moon, though it must then be remembered that the Babylonian day (like the Jewish and Islmic) begins at sunset of the day before. The Jewish month can begin with the New Moon, but usually it is delayed for ritual or other reasons into the range of the visible crescent. The Islmic month, like the Babylonian, is supposed to begin with the crescent. If we want a luni-solar calendar based on the New Moon, all these dates must be advanced by a couple of days. Without using the tables, the character of a year within the 6498 year cycle can be determined mathematically. If the remainder of the formula ((Y x 2393) + 1025)/6498, where Y is the year of the Era of Nabonassar (AN), runs from 0 to 2051, the year is a leap year with a 30 day leap month (*). If the remainder runs from 2052 to 2392, the year is a leap year with a 29 day leap month (). Other remainders are for common years. 2393 is the number of leap years in the 6498 year cycle. This is one less than 7 times the number of 19 year cycles (342 x 7 = 2394). It can be determined that the 19 year period from 5130 to 5148 (counting 0-18 in the 19 year cycle) contains only 6 intercalations, and no 29 day month. By one reckoning (starting with 0 rather than 1), this is where the 2394th leap month disappears.

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There is a completely separate Indian calendrical tradition. In the "Book of the Cattle Raid," in the Book of Virt. a, in the Mahbhrata, Duryodhana claims that the Pn. d.avas have failed to keep their agreement to stay in exile for twelve years and in hiding for one. Bhis. ma reckons (47.1-5) that they have kept the agreement, and he mentions that the calendar adds an extra month every five years. A. L. Basham, in The Wonder that was India [1954, 1967, Rupa & Company, Calcutta, etc., 1981, 1989], states the calendar rule as adding an extra month every thirty months (p. 494). Sixty months is five years (5x12). That means two months in five years. Basham also says that this was done "as in Babylonia." But that is not true. The Babylonians added seven lunar months every nineteen years, which is often called the "Metonic" cycle (after the Greek astronomer Meton) and is still used by the Jewish calendar. The economist Amartya Sen has a discussion of Indian calendars in his recent The Argumentative Indian, Writings on Indian History, Culture and Identity [Allen Lane, Penguin, 2005]. His essay, "India through its Calendars" [pp us. ], however, is almost entirely about the Eras used in different calendars, not about the calendars themselves. One might be left not realizing that the same calendar can use different Eras, or that the same Era can be used by different calendars. The only actual calendar rule he mentions is that of the Mahbhrata, though its meaning is clarified. "each year consists of twelve months of thirty days, with a thirteenth (leap) month added every five years" [p.325]. The use of thirty day months makes it plain that we are dealing with approximations to the solar year, but this rule produces a formidably poor approximation. If a thirty day month is added every five years, this averages out to a 366 day year, which would be off no less than three days in that period. Thus, a shorter intercalation would be needed, either 26 or 27 days, depending on one's estimation of the true length of the tropical year. Sen does mention that the mathematician Varhamihra, in the sixth century AD, gave the length of the year as us. days [p.329]. This is significantly too long (over the us. days of the tropical year) and would be off a day in only 60 years. Such a value would be a discouraging glimpse into Indian astronomy, in that the Greeks had much better values much earlier, except that Varhamihra's value was probably for the sidereal rather than the tropical year. Sen does mention the sidereal year ( us., or us., days), the movement of the sun against to the stars rather than relative to the equinoxes, but he also doesn't say why he gives it. Taking Varhamihra's value to be for the sidereal year, it is accurate to a day in 418 years. Sen does not discuss how calendars were regulated given inaccurate rules like that of the Mahbhrata or values for the sidereal year, which is otherwise not used for civil calendars. I was left with the impression that the calendars may actually have been regulated "as in Babylonia" in its historically earlier sense, i. e. with months inserted as needed, without any prior rule or calculation being applied. All this required was some established political or priestly authority with the recognized function of doing so. Since the moment of the Vernal Equinox can easily be observed from the kinds of observatories that were built in mediaeval India, the authorities need merely have inserted the extra month when the year otherwise would have begun before the Equinox. A satisfactory treatment of the Indian calendar can now be found in The Oxford Companion to the Year, An exploration of calendar customs and time-reckoning [Bonnie Blackburn & Leofranc Holford-Strevens, Oxford U Press, 1999, 2003, pp us. ]. The original calendar, as we might suspect, was luni-solar, with an intercalation of months. The month names are given at right. The rule of the Mahbhrata, so poor for a solar year, may have been intended, as in Basham's reading, to mean two lunar months in five years.

For a lunar calendar adjusting to the solar year, the best approximations (by continued fractions) to the difference between twelve synodic months and the tropical year would be to add one month every three years, three every eight, four every eleven, seven every nineteen, or 123 every 334. The last is not very practical. Some Greek cities used three every eight. That already is a lot more accurate than two every five -- if Balsam (or the Mahbhrata) was talking about lunar months. Three months in every eight years results in an error of a month in 149 years, while two in every five results in an error of a month in only 32 years. That is better than one in every three, which is off a month in 29 years, but otherwise looks pretty miserable. Four months every eleven years results in an error of a month in 216 years. and seven every nineteen results in an error of a month in 6494 years. For all practical purposes, of course, 6494 years is eternity. That does not mean that the Babylonian (or Jewish) calendar is just fine for that long. Those calendars can be adjusted before an error of an entire month builds up. But Indian calendars using the 2/5 rule are going to be wildly inaccurate before the passage of much time at all. Of course, one problem with sources like Balsam and Sen is that they don't seem very aware of differences between lunar and solar calendars. Both were used in India. But while the Mahbhrata rule (at least as stated by Sen) looks tailored for a solar calendar, a luni-solar calendar, with lunar months and intercalations, looks to be older and more indigenous. The names of the lunar months are given with dates of the Gregorian year. This represents the adaptation of the calendar to the tropical year as formulated in an official Indian Government calendar reform in 1957. With this calendar now pegged to the Gregorian, any mysteries and peculiarities about its use disappear. Two dates are given in March because the year begins on March 21 in Gregorian leap years, March 22 otherwise. These months now correspond to the signs of the Zodiac (with the Vernal Equinox in Aries), unlike the traditional calendar, which used the actual constellations of the Zodiac (where the Vernal Equinox is now in Pisces, moving into Aquarius). Part of the calendar reform was the official adoption of the Saka Era. The Astronomical Almanac [U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, and Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London] always gives the Era of the Indian calendar thus, with its New Year as specified in the table. The Almanac for 2001, for instance, cites the New Year on March 22 and the year as 1923 [p. B2]. Amartya Sen mentions that the use of the Saka Era is first attested in an inscription from 543 AD (Saka year 465), at the very end of the Gupta period [p.326]. The Los Angeles Times of November 17, 2001, says that the Indian New Year occurred the previous day, November 16, and that it began the year 2058 -- signifying an Era benchmarked at 57 BC. This would be the Vikrama Era, a historical alternative to the Saka and other Indian eras, with a New Year reckoned from the lunar month of Krttika. but the Times article contains no discussion of what the Era is or about possible alternates. The Times article and the New Year celebration at the cited Hindu temple in Los Angeles, thus raised more questions than they answered. Probably the temple was using one of the traditional, regional Indian calendars, of which there are many, covered by Indian publications but not even by the The Oxford Companion to the Year.

In historic India, from Gupta times onward, the lunar calendar was pegged to a solar year. This is where the sidereal value of the year comes in, since the movement of the sun was traced, not relative to the equinoxes, but against the stars. The "stars" meant the constellations of the Zodiac, with names that are translations of the names of the signs of the Zodiac in Greco-Roman astronomy. Basham, who discusses this [p.495], doesn't mention how this calendar was governed. The Oxford Companion to the Year says [p.718] that the moon was considered to be in the month of Caitra when the sun was in the constellation Aries. When the lunar month began depended on the convention. In the North of India, the month began with the day after the Full Moon. In the South of India, and in Indian astronomy, the month began with the day after the New Moon. If two months would begin while the sun is in the same Zodiacal constellation, the first is intercalary, with the same name as the second. If in the short Zodiacal periods of the winter (when the sun, near perihelion, moves quickly), a lunar month should entirely encompass the sun's passage through a constellation, with the next month due to begin two Zodiacal periods after it began, then the name for the month associated with the intervening period is passed over. This is the calendar apparently developed by Gupta era astronomers mentioned by Amartya Sen, like the mathematician and astronomer ryabhat. a (in 499 AD). Sen is aware that it drifted against the tropical year but does not seem to realize that this is an artifact of its direct use of the stars, which implies a sidereal rather than tropical standard. Also, since it is based on the direct use of the stars, there is no general calendar rule for it, and it depended.

Like the Chinese calendar, on direct astronomical observations, or at least sophisticated calculations, by the responsible authorities. It is noteworthy that the reformed calendar is adjusted to Gregorian calendar dates relative to the signs, not the constellations, of the Zodiac -- where the Vernal Equinox, no longer in Aries, is now in Pisces, entering Aquarius. The calendar is thus detached in every way from a sidereal reference. The seven days of the week were also imported, named, as in Latin, after the planets, in the same sequence used there. Amartya Sen's examination of calendars includes the Vikrama and Saka Eras but also the Kollam and Bengali San Eras, which are benchmarked at 824 AD and 593 AD respectively -- i. e. subtract those numbers from the AD year for the appropriate calendar year. The oldest Eras he gives are for the Buddha Nirvn. a calendar, benchmarked at 544 BC (add to the AD year), and the Kaliyurga calendar, benchmarked at 4001 BC. Although Sen is aware that the Kaliyurga Era does not date any historical event, he does not explain all the different versions of the calendar cycles, and the system into which the Kaliyurga, as a cyclical period, is embedded. That is all treated here in a footnote to the page on the devotionalistic Gods of Hinduism. Also, we have the anomaly that the beginning of the Kaliyurga period, cited by Sen from Whitaker's Almanack, was a thousand years later as attested by the Arab historian al-Brn ( us. ). This is perplexing. Sen is aware of the problem, citing [p.323] ryabhat. a that the Kaliyurga benchmark was more like 3101 BC (probably al-Brn's own source). Sen says that the older benchmark is "quite widely used" but does not or cannot account for the origin of the convention. Sen's Buddhist Era (from Whitaker's Almanack again) also seems to differ by a year from the Era of Buddhism used in Thailand, benchmarked at 543 BC. As it happens, The Oxford Companion to the Year also has the Era of Buddhism beginning in 543, so perhaps some small confusion accounts for the difference -- the Oxford Companion itself says that the Era is "elapsed" years since 544, which may leave readers not realizing that 544 would be year 0, with year 1 delayed until 543.

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While modern Irn has become a fiercely Islmic country, it retains some elements to remind us of its previous religion, Zoroastrianism. Thus, a very common male given name is Mehrdd, which actually means "given by Mithra," Mithra being a god even of pre-Zoroastrian Irn (Mitra in the Vedas). There are even versions of the same name in Greek and Latin. Mithradates Of great interest is the continuation in modern Irn of the ancient Zoroastrian calendar. While the religious Islmic calendar is of course used in Irn, the ancient solar calendar also continues to be used as a civil calendar.

The table contains the names of the Zoroastrian months as they occur in Avestan, the ancient sacred language of Zoroastrianism, in Middle Persian, or Pahlavi ("Parthian"), the language of the Sassanid Empire, and in Modern Persian (Frsi), as used today. Many of the Avestan names are identifiable as relating to what have been called the Zoroastrian Archangels, and to some familar, pre-Zoroastrian gods (Mithra again). The spelling for Modern Persian indicates the Persian vowel quality, not, as is common, the vowels as they would be read in Arabic. The Irnian year begins with the Vernal Equinox, March 20 or 21. This Persian New Year, Noruz (literally, "New Day"), is often celebrated by Irnian expatriates as their distinctively national holiday. The assignment of the lengths of the months reflects the fact that spring and summer in the northern hemisphere are longer than fall and winter. The Persian months are thus actually zodiacal months, comparable to the Chinese Solar Terms. The twelfth month is 29 days in common years, 30 days in leap years. My source (A. K.S. Lambton, Persian Grammar, Cambridge University Press, 1967, p us. ) does not specify in what year the extra day is added or whether the intercalation scheme is merely Julian or if the Gregorian or some other correction is now applied. The Era used with this solar calendar is still the Islmic H. ijrah Era, but it is counted in full solar (365 day) rather than in the short lunar (354 day) years of the Islmic calendar proper. This means that the Persian year beginning on March 21 can be determined just by subtracting 621 from the AD Era year. Thus, the Persian New Year in 1999 began the solar Hegira year 1378. As discussed elsewhere, this solar Hegira era is equivalent to the year of the Era of Nabonassar (747 BC) minus 1368. Since, astronomically, the Babylonian year also began at the Vernal Equinox, the Babylonian year of the Era of Nabonassar can always be obtained just by adding 1368 to the Irnian solar Hegira year -- 1999 is 1378 + 1368 = 2746 Anno Nabonassari. Another Irnian calendar also begins with the Vernal Equinox. That is the sacred calendar for the Bah'i Faith. The founder of the Faith, the prophet Bah'ullh, was exiled from Irn and imprisoned by Turkey in Haifa.

There he was buried after his death in 1892, and there the international headquarters of the Faith is located, while the city itself has passed from Turkey to British Palestine and now to the State of Israel. The Bah'i calendar has the unique structure of being divided into 19 months of 19 days each. This only falls 4 days short of a 365 day year, which is filled in with intercalary days. The names of the months are given with their Arabic vowel quality, since they are all Arabic words. The intercalary period has been located so that, if the dates given in the table are observed, an intercalation by the Gregorian calendar on February 29 will automatically produce a Bah'i intercalary period of 5 rather than 4 days. The Bah'i Faith, although owing much to Islm, and especially to Irnian Islm, sees itself as a separate religion that is the successor to Islm, as Christianity saw itself as the successor to Judaism -- without, however, rejecting the legitimacy of the earlier religions. Unfortunately, to the Irnian authorities, especially after the advent of the "Revolutionary" Irnian theocracy, this meant that Bah'is were actually apostates from Islm, a crime punishable by death under Islmic Law. Thus, after 1979, all the Bah'i holy places in Irn were systematically destroyed and an intense persecution of members of the Faith begun. Many, consequently, fled the country as quickly as possible. The Faith had long seen itself, however, as an international religion, and communities had long been established all over the world. A local Bah'i community had been founded in Hawai'i, for instance, while it was still an independent country. Persecution in Irn, therefore, is liable to be of little significance for the growth of the religion. Indeed, air travelers approaching O'Hare International Airport, in Chicago, are often curious what the unusual large building is on the shore of Lake Michigan. It is the Bah'i Temple, in Wilmette, Illinois, which has existed since the early days of the century. Irnian calendars thus present us with intriguing combinations of pre-Islmic, Islmic, and post-Islmic features, even as Irnian nationalism struggles violently with its own identity and its own religious heritage. In the Persian national epic, the Shh Nmah of the poet Firdaws (c.940-c.1020), one of the first books written in New (i. e. Islmic) Persian, there is a striking image from a dream. Four men pulling hard on the corners of a square white cloth, but the cloth does not tear. The men are interpreted to be Moses, Jesus, Muh. ammad, and Zoroaster (Zarathushtra in Avestan. Zardasht, Zardosht, Zardosht, etc. in Modern Persian), and the cloth the Religion of God. The inclusion of Zoroaster with the other principal Founders of Monotheism is the distinctively Irnian touch, as Irn itself could be the cloth, pulled fiercely by both internal and external religious influences -- though ironically the word for "religion" in Arabic itself, dn, appears to be borrowed from Middle Persian (dn).

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Need a weekday-only calendar for work? This document is part of Incompetech. com. us . Also please visit my buddies at. Kelly Howlett Illustrations, Craig Abrams, and TubaPants! Big chuncks of programming and a pile of behind-the-scenes things you can't see were done by The ninjas at Seppuku. net This site uses elements available from www. MouseRunner. com, cooltext. com, and a couple bits from the silver lexus theme. Here's some badges! British Authors Bios, and The Movie Critic us. Laura MacLeod Artist Bios us. Steve Lange Music, Photos, Renderings, Everything else us. Kevin MacLeod

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Monday, Mar 23, 2009 2.00 p. m.. Convene and begin a period of morning business. Previous Meeting Thursday, Mar 19, 2009 The Senate convened at 9.30 a. m. and adjourned at 6.49 p. m. 4 record votes were taken. Daily Digest (latest issue) Senate Calendar (latest issue) Executive Calendar (latest issue, PDF format)

The Senate's Legislative Calendar is updated each day the Senate is in session. The calendar, composed of several sections, identifies bills and resolutions awaiting Senate floor actions. Most measures are placed on the calendar under the heading "General Orders" in the sequence in which they were added to the calendar. Other sections are provided to address special situations in which floor actions have been deferred and to show the status of bills in conference and of appropriations bills. More.

The Senate's Executive Calendar is updated each day the Senate is in session. The calendar identifies executive resolutions, treaties, and nominations reported out by Senate committee(s) and awaiting Senate floor action. The Executive Calendar is composed of five sections described in more detail in the boxes on this page. More.

RemoteCalendars is a COM-.NET Add-in for Outlook 2003/2007, written in C#. After installing this plugin, every Outlook user should be able to subscribe, reload and delete a generic remote iCalendar (RFC 2445) from Outlook 2003/2007.

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2009 calendars are sold out for the season. The 2010 versions are due in late Spring. We will post more information as soon as it is available.

2009 New York City Firefighters Calendar 2009 Gold Standard Edition Photography by BATTMAN. Battman Studios, the original photographer of the New York City Firefighter "Hunks" Calendar, has been shooting the calendar since 1996, and his 2009 version continues the tradition of featuring our local heroes in famous NYC locations. A portion of the proceeds from the sale of each calendar benefit the Staten Island Burn Center. Price. $14.99 each.

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Calendar CategoriesAll Categories (default) Academic Arts/ Entertainment Athletics Club Sports Conferences Exhibits International/Multicultural Outdoor Recreation SC Botanical Gardens Seminars/ Lectures/ Speakers Special Events Student Activities Student Organizations T. Ed Garrison Arena Training and Development Workshops

To find information about events, choose a month on the calendar or select a range of dates. Events forthe selected month ortime periodwill appear below the calendar. Click on the name of the event for more detailed information. If you have questions about the calendars or need additional information, please e-mail

Click on the link below to viewadditional calendar information. NOTE.Documents are inAdobe PDF ( ) format. You will need the Free Adobe Acrobat Reader to view these files.

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