Glassware usually refers to glass items used as tableware, such as dishes, cutlery, flatware, and drinkware used to set a table for eating a meal. The term usually refers to the drinking vessels, unless the dinnerware is also made of glass. "Glassware" can also more generally refer to any object made of glass. Glassware is also a term used in the catering industry to refer to all glasses whether made of glass or plastics such as, polystyrene and polycarbonate.

Laboratory glassware, a variety of equipment, traditionally made of glass, used for scientific experiments

Laboratory glassware refers to a variety of equipment, traditionally made of glass, used for scientific experiments and other work in science, especially in chemistry and biology laboratories. Some of the equipment is now made of plastic for cost, ruggedness, and convenience reasons, but glass is still used for some applications because it is relatively inert, transparent, more heat-resistant than some plastic up to a point, and relatively easy to customize. Borosilicate glasses—formerly called Pyrex—are often used because they are less subject to thermal stress. For some applications quartz glass is used for its ability to withstand high temperatures or its transparency in certain parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. In some applications, especially some storage bottles, darkened brown glass is used to keep out much of the outside light so that the effect of light on the contents inside is minimized. Special-purpose materials are also used. for example, hydrofluoric acid is stored and used in polyethylene containers because it reacts with glass.

There are many different kinds of laboratory glassware items, the majority are covered in separate articles of their own. see the list further below. Such glassware is used for a wide variety of functions which include volumetric measuring, holding or storing chemicals or samples, mixing or preparing solutions or other mixtures, containing lab processes like chemical reactions, heating, cooling, distillation, separations including chromatography, synthesis, growing biological organisms, spectrophotometry, and containing a full or partial vacuum. When in use, laboratory glassware is often held in place with clamps made for that purpose, which are likewise attached and held in place by stands or racks. This article covers aspects of laboratory glassware which may be common to several kinds of glassware and may briefly describe a few glassware items not covered in other articles.

Most laboratory glassware is now mass-produced, but many large laboratories employ a glass blower to construct specialized pieces. This construction forms a specialized field of glassblowing requiring precise control of shape and dimension. In addition to repairing expensive or difficult-to-replace glassware, scientific glassblowing commonly involves fusing together various glass parts—such as glass joints and tubing, stopcocks, transition pieces, and/or other glassware or parts of them to form items of glassware, such as vacuum manifolds, special reaction flasks, etc. Various types of joints and stopcocks are available separately and come fused with a length of glass tubing, which a glassblower may use to fuse to another piece of glassware.

In a lab experiment or process—such as a distillation or a reflux—ground glass joints make it possible to rapidly assemble the set-up from component glassware items in a leak-tight but non-permanent way. Using old technology, this was often done with rubber (or possibly cork) stoppers inserted between the component glassware items. Holes could be made in such stoppers to insert glass tubes or the ends of some glass items. However, rubber (and of course cork) are not as chemically inert or heat-resistant as glass and degrade with age. In order to connect the hollow inner spaces of the glassware components, these types of joints are hollow on the inside and open at the ends, except for stoppers. Two general types of ground glass joints are fairly commonly used. joints that are slightly conically-tapered and ball and socket joints (sometimes called spherical joints).

Occasionally, it may be desired to fuse a glassware item to a metal item with a tubular pathway between them. This requires the use of a glass-to-metal transition joint. Most glass used in laboratory glassware does not have the same coefficient of thermal expansion as metal, so fusing the usual type of glass with metal is likely to result in cracking of the glass. These special transition joints have several short sections of special types of glass fused together between the metal and the usual type of glass, each having more gradual changes in thermal expansion coefficients.

Laboratory glassware, such as Buchner flasks and Liebig condensers, may have tubular glass tips serving as hose connectors with several ridged hose barbs around the diameter near the tip. This is so that the tips can have the end of a rubber or plastic tube mounted over them to connect the glassware to another system such as a vacuum, water supply, or drain. A special clip may be placed over the end of the flexible tube surrounding the connector tip to prevent the hose from slipping off the con

Describing glassware can be complicated since manufactures provide conflicting names for glassware. For example ChemGlass calls a glass stopcock what Kontes calls a glass plug. Despite this it is clear there are two main types of valves used in laboratory glassware, the stopcock valve and the threaded plug valve. These and other terms used below are defined in detail since they are bound to conflict with different sources.

Stopcocks are often parts of laboratory glassware such as burettes, separatory funnels, Schlenk flasks, and columns used for column chromatography. The stopcock is a smooth tampered plug or rotor with a handle, which fits into a corresponding ground glass female joint. The stationary female joint is designed such that it joins two or more pieces of glass tubing. The stopcock has holes bored through it which allow the tubes attached to the female joint to be connected or separated with partial turns of the stopcock. Most stopcocks are solid pieces with linear bores although some are hollow with holes to simple holes that can line up the joints tubing. The stopcock is held together with the female joint with a metal spring, plastic plug retainer, a washer and nut system, or in some cases vacuum. Stopcocks plugs are generally made out of ground glass or an inert plastic like PTFE. The ground glass stopcocks are greased to create an airtight seal and prevent the glass from fusing. The plastic stopcocks are at most lightly oiled. Stopcocks are generally available individually with some length of glass tubing at the ports so that they can be joined by a glass blower into custom apparatus at the point of use. This is especially common for the large glass manifolds used in high vacuum lines. The more examples are featured in the gallery. This is a small sampling of stopcock valves many additional variation exist in both plug boring and joint assembly.

This porous glass body can be called a frit. Applications in laboratory glassware include use in fritted glass filter items, scrubbers, or spargers. Other laboratory applications of fritted glass include packing in chromatography columns and resin beds for special chemical synthesis. In a fritted glass filter, a disc or pane of fritted glass is used to filter out solid particles, precipitate, or residue from a fluid, similar to a piece of filter paper. The fluid can go through the pores in the fritted glass, but the frit will often stop a solid from going through. A fritted filter is often part of a glassware item, so fritted glass funnels and fritted glass crucibles are available.

Laboratory scale spargers, scrubbers, and gas-washing bottles are similar glassware items which may use a fritted glass piece fused to the tip of a gas-inlet tube. This fritted glass tip is placed inside the vessel with liquid inside during use such that the fritted tip is submerged in the liquid. To maximize surface area contact of the gas to the liquid, a gas stream is slowly blown into the vessel through the fritted glass tip so that it breaks up the gas into many tiny bubbles. The purpose of sparging is to saturate the enclosed liquid with the gas, often to displace another gaseous component. The purpose of a scrubber or gas-washing bottle is to scrub the gas such that the liquid absorbs one (or more) of the gaseous components to remove it from the gas stream, effectively purifying the gas stream.

Alternatively, the first two steps may be combined by sonicating the glassware in a hot detergent solution

If the glassware are still dirty, more caustic methods may be needed. This includes soaking the piece in a saturated solution of sodium or potassium hydroxide in an alcohol ("base bath"),

Rob Toreki ( us. ). "Glassware Joints". The Glassware Gallery. Interactive Learning Paradigms, Inc.. Retrieved on us.

^ Glindemann, D., Glindemann, U. (2000). Tight glassware with PTFE-sealing ring for taper joints., American Laboratory 32 (5). 46-48

^ Rob Toreki ( us. ). "Fritted Funnels". The Glassware Gallery. Interactive Learning Paradigms, Inc. Retrieved on us.

Glassware is excellent as tableware or for ornamental purposes that occupies every part of our lives. Different glassware is made of different kinds of glass, depending on the cost and need. You can get special items like fine crystal vases to really bring your dinner parties to life or if you are looking to get quality merchandise at low prices, then discount glassware is readily available throughout the internet. Glassware is available in an enormous variety of shapes, sizes, colors, and decorations. Plain or decorated glassware, clear or colored, formal or informal, all glassware has the same basic purpose, to hold liquid for drinking.

From the breakfast table to a full on dinner party, glassware plays an important part in our everyday life. Throughout its long history, glassware has evolved into specific shapes according to the type of liquid it holds, whether it is water or a hot beverage. Types And Uses Of Glassware. Glassware includes.

If you're confused about glassware, the overview provided below will help you understand the different types of glass ware available and what each is used for. Beverage Ware

Apart from this, glass is also used in making flower vases, glass containers, art glass, and art marbles, all in exclusive designs, colors and varieties. Advantages Of Glassware Taking into account the specific advantages of glassware, glasses can be used for any purpose.

Glassware can be easily broken with improper handling, as glass breaks into very minute particles which will be very sharp and can cause severe wounds.

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To be important milestones in the DIY arena. It's not often that a high-caliber program is written expressly for the benefit of the hobbyist. The bottom line. software that's easy and fun to use, and dare I say educational, for fear of chasing some of you away? I've come to embrace them as indispensable tools in my own design work. Congratulations are due GlassWare's John Broskie for a job well done. Treat yourself this holiday season and pick up one or more of GlassWare's offerings. No serious tubephile should be without them.

Welcome to Edie's Glassware! A place for Depression Glass, Elegant Glass, Kitchen Glass, Pottery and much much more.

In the late spring of 1999 Edie's Glassware made it's way to the Internet. Now over 8 years later the web site takes on a new transformation. Browsing through all of the Depression Glass, Elegant Glass, Kitchen Glass, Pottery and more will now be easier than ever! With over 300 visitors a day, this 3rd in a series of site revisions brings the best of the past and adds to it a new wealth of items for sale, photos of items that have been sold and information about collecting glassware.

A view of the thousands of items for sale at the recently closed Edie's Glassware in South Park, PA.

This new web site revision is taking place at the same time as an end comes to a part of the history of Edie's Glassware. The shop located in South Park, PA is now closed. All of the items have been moved into storage and will eventually end up here on the web site. As you can imagine, packing thousands of pieces of glass and then getting them organized is a huge undertaking. Closing of the shop will allow for more time to be devoted to the web site and adding more items to it. Rest assured that Edie's Glassware is still very much in business but just taking a different turn in it's history. Please look around and come back often. The goal over the next weeks and months is to continue to grow into one of the best places on the internet to find and learn about glassware. Enjoy your stay!

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Ace Glass Incorporated, founded 1936 in Vineland, NJ., is a leader and innovator of scientific glassware, lab equipment and glass apparatus. Over our long history, thousands upon thousands of scientific papers, research and discoveries have been attributed to Ace Glass products. Over 27,000 square feet of warehouse space allows us to store a significant inventory of both Ace-manufactured products and products from our fine partner companies such as IKA, Heidolph, Corning, and Glas-Col, among others. Ace Glass is the only glass company that actually assembles and produces electronic equipment in-house, and we also manufacture glass pilot plant systems up to 200L in size, complete with all controls and accessory equipment. Ace can also fabricate custom labware, pilot plant reactors and systems to meet your requirements. Whatever your laboratory glassware needs might be, Ace Glass can help you meet them. We've been doing just that for satisfied customers worldwide for over 70 years. We'd love to add you to our list of success stories.

Designed and signed by American artist, Raenell Accetta, each one of these hand painted glasses takes five days to complete. The result is a hand painted glassware or stemware show piece brimming with flair, fun and function! Each glassware piece is then uniquely embellished with a hand painted signature glass gem. Lastly, the artist signs each hand painted glass or glassware piece, ensuring its authenticity. Each of these hand painted gifts is unique - no two glassware or stemware pieces are exactly alike.

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The vessel from which we drink our cocktails should not be overlooked. Whether traditional, iconic or modern the glassware used in serving a guest says a lot about what is inside.

Amen! My collection of glassware is getting a little outrageous as well. Im glad the trend is moving away from everything in the V-shaped glass as well. Just a bugaboo of mine, but it drives me crazy when any concoction poured in a V- shaped cocktail glass is called a martini or a whatever-tini.

I think an important step forward that is needed for better glassware, is for manufacturers to start providing more interesting glassware then they currently do. Each of the stems you seem me use here cost around $7 to $10 apiece, although Im sure if I was buying them new they would cost a whole lot more. It isnt necessary for glassware to be engraved in this fashion, just glassware that is or an more interestign design would be a move in the right direction. But PLEASE lets stop this 10oz+ size cocktail glasses that I keep seeing at Crate and Barrel and other such companies!!! -Robert

Hey Robert, I find glassware to be an interesting subject. While I was looking at it from a different episode, I recently made a post on the subject to my blog, A Dram of Brine. I was commenting on the way various glassware collects the aroma of a cocktail, not the way a drink looks, but I think both are related. Effectively, what both are going to is that we can produce the best cocktail possible, but how we present it allows the cocktail to be improved. Cheers. - S

Vance, Yes, back in the day cocktail glasses were a LOT smaller than they are now. Old barware catalogs from before prohibition showed cocktail glasses that averaged about 4.5 ounces in size. Which of course shouldnt be too surprising. What IS surprising is that folks can get away with glases that bump into double digits in size. A shot of spirit is 1.5 ounces. This size is sort of based on the fact that this is the proper amount of spirit to use for a single drink. So if you use 1.5 ounces of gin, .5 ounces of dry vermouth, you have two ounces stirred with ice will bump that up to maybe three ounces which makes it fit perfectly in a 4 or 4.5 ounce glass. To make a drink which will fit properly in a 10 ounce glass you are either using way too much booze (it would be like drinking wine from a glass which could hold a whole bottle. What chances of seeing THAT in a fine dining restaurant?). or you use so many fillers that you can no longer taste the spirit in/of the drink. As for anything called a martini. its not the lack of citrus that defines a Martini it is the use of gin and vermouth that defines it.- Scribe, Should have provided a link to your blog! ( we dont mind that here, as long as you arent simply doing blatent spam-vertising. I totally agree about the glass playing a critical role in wine, and even in spirits, and the way they taste or are perceived. I am less convinced that cocktails, or more specifically highly chilled beverages can be dramatically enhanced by glassware. I expect that there might be some broad designs which make good and bad cocktail glasses, but I think the visual factor is going to play more of a role here. People are just going to feel better about a cocktail served from a beautiful glass than they are an ordinary one. -Robert

I think your prized glass looks like a Fostoria Melrose. I believe that pattern was around in the 1920s. I dont have my reference up online but Ive been toying with the idea of commissioning vintage glassware reproductions, and I have started recently collecting some vintage ones. That is a lovely pattern. It seems to be a forgotten bit of decadence to get a cocktail in a beautifully made glass from eras gone by. Glad to have a chance to enjoy many of your episodes. Best wishes

I definitely encourage the collection of whatever old glass pleases you. Almost all my vintage stuff Ive found in thrift stores at prices ranging from 50 cents to $3. The hot tip here is to pick up that glass you like and carry it round with you looking at all the other shelves where they have glassware. its not at all uncommon for glass that comes in together to get separated. Ive frequently found a neat one-off turns into a pair or even a set of 3 or more once Ive made the rounds.

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PCB Update The long wait is almost is over.. New and Slightly Improved The PS-1 regulator PCBs were part of the shipment. but now the boards are in revision B. I made the PCB half an inch taller, which allowed a fatter heatsink to be used. In general, a fat, short heatsink is better than a tall, skinny heatsink. The intrinsic thermal resistance of the metal is effectively placed in parallel in a fat heatsink. in series, a tall heatsink. The upshot is that the PS-1 regulator now holds the same Aavid Thermalloy 529802B02500G heatsink that the Janus and H-PS-1 regulators use. This chubby heatsink boasts a thermal resistance of only 3.7, based on a 75C rise in natural convection.. 17 Jan 2009 Back to Power Boosters The ideal that we long for would be a setup wherein a small, high-quality power amplifier, say a 2A3-based, parafeed-single-ended amplifier worked into what effectively would be a an electronic magnifying glass, which would hugely expand the wee amplifiers paltry 2.5W into 1kW at the loudspeakers terminals. This power-booster amplifier would stand like a heavenly megaphone perfectly magnifying an angels voice. Preserving every detail, neither adding nor subtracting from the original signal, this ideal power-booster amplifier would only augment power by flawlessly magnifying voltage and current output. Diamond Buffer Topology This famous four-transistor buffer topology has many adherents and a long history. see the datasheet for the LH0002, which came out in the late 70s. Precisely because it is so simple, because it is so easy to understand, it is venerated by many solder slingers. (It is in many ways the solid-state equivalent of the SRPP tube circuit.) Well, now its time to put on our mind-stretching caps. In my last two blog entries, I showed several voltage amplifier topologies that looked like unity-gain buffers, such as my Sagaris Amplifier. 09 Jan 2008 New Signal and Capacitor Selector Switches I have created small, 1.4 by 2 inch, PCBs that hold a single rotary switch and nothing else, other than termination pads for hookup lead. The selector switch assembly accepts three stereo inputs, with both the hot and grounds of each signal source to be selected. So if a signal source, say a CD player, is not selected, neither its outputs or grounds make any connection to the line-stage amplifier. Resurrection of TCJ 36-Pos Stepped Attenuator This simple three-rotary switch attenuator was the GlassWare Yahoo Stores selling product. I still use two of them myself and still marvel at its elegance and effectiveness. The attenuator was offered with either metal-film or carbon-film resistors, in either -2dB or -1dB decrements, and its sturdy open-frame switch allowed easy contact cleaning. So if this stepped attenuator was so great, why did I stop selling them? A Few Comments on Power Booster Amplifiers I received some interesting e-mail because of my last entry on power-booster amplifiers. I must admit that I quickly wrote that blog entry, so it was a bit too brief, too formless to avoid some misunderstandings. So, I will try to sharpen the focus at tad. I am intrigued by the idea of a small power amplifier driving a large power amplifier, not just with fairly large voltage swings, but with concomitant current swings, driving in the most robust sense. Otherwise, why bother? If all that is needed is voltage swing, then use a tube line-stage amplifier with a high-power amplifier and be done with it. An Aikido line-stage amplifier with a 12AX7 input tube will provide a gain of close to 50 and big voltage swings, maybe not enough to drive a large unity-gain power buffer amplifier directly ala the Moskido amplifier, but surely enough to drive 500W power amplifier with a gain of 3.16 to full output. A peak voltage swing of 90V into an 8-ohm load equals a 506W and 90V divided by 3.16 equals 28.5V, which is well within the high-gain Aikidos range. 21 Dec 2008 Power-Booster Amplifers If you do a web search on power booster amplifier, most of the search results will refer to radio transmitters, not audio amplifiers. This makes sense, as few of us would consider cascading power amplifiers. If we need a more powerful amplifier, we buy a more powerful amplifier. Still, the idea is an intriguing one. take a small, flea-power, single-ended, tube amplifier and a huge, heavy, solid-state, power-booster amplifier that greatly magnifies the wimpy 2.5W into hundreds of watts. The best of both technologies. Or would it be?. Sagaris Amplifier How do we get the voltage gain down to a more useable amount? The following circuit shows how third feedback loop can be applied.. Tube-Based Power-Booster Amplifier Super high-wattage tube power amplifiers can be built. We just need many output tubes and a high B+ voltage. But a conventional tube power amplifier is hardly novel nor would such an amplifier take advantage of the smaller power amplifiers ability to drive a low impedance.. 09 Dec 2008 Cathode-Coupled Amplifier A few years ago, I received many requests for more information on the cathode-coupled amplifier, but not much interest the last two years. Until, just recently, as two readers have wrote asking for help with their cathode-coupled amplifier circuits and a friend of mine mentioned interest in this circuit in the last two weeks. Is this a new trend or just a coincidence? Has an article appeared in audioXpress that featured cathode-coupled amplifiers? Well, every time I think that I cannot say anymore on a particular circuit, I discover something new to write about. so it is with the cathode-coupled amplifier.. 28 Nov 2008 PS-1 Solid-State Regulator Kit Finally, after many a tease and far too many false starts, arrives the new PS-1 regulator. The PCB is only four by six inches, yet it holds an all-solid-state two regulated power supplies, a high-voltage regulator for the tube B+ and a low-voltage regulator for the tube heaters. Each voltage regulator also finds its own raw power supply, holding the all the rectifiers and power-supply reservoir capacitors required for feeding each regulator its raw DC voltage. In other words, except for the power transformer(s), the PS-1 PCB holds all that is needed to make a superb regulated power supply for tube-circuits.. Janus Regulator User Guide Although I quickly sold out of the Janus regulator kits, I have more boards on order and I have completed its user guide. This fat beast is 24 pages long and it covers much more than just the Janus regulator. In other words, I recommend that everyone interested in high voltage power supply design to download the PDF version of the user guide. H-PS-1 Rev. A PCB Error If you have recieved a H-PS-1 PCB marked Rev. A, then please email me and I will send you a replacement, as I messed up the PCB. I was moving the old H-PS-1 layout about to make room for the new larger heatsinks I had bought and I assumed that the circuit was intact, as only a few parts positions had changed, so I didn't build up an H-PS-1 PCB to test. Huge mistake. The repositioning of D6 has both pads on the PCB bottom connected to the same trace, which shorts the input and output pins together on the regulator. 19 Nov 2008 Janus Regulator PCB, Rev A The revised Janus regulator PCB features a one inch increase in height and now all four high-voltage electrolytic capacitors hold bypass capacitors. UltraPath Push-Pull Blog number 147 gave an overview and critique of the Ultrapath circuit. Here is a quick recap. the Ultrapath circuit is a small variation on the grounded-cathode amplifier, differing in the B+ termination of the cathode bypass capacitor, rather than the usual ground termination. Depending on the rest of the circuit, this may or may not prove to be a good idea. Ultra White Cathode Follower Not all tube-based push-pull amplifiers hold an output transformer. The SRPP and White cathode follower need no center-tapped output transformer to work. The White cathode follower, which I have covered many times before, holds some promising results when its cathode resistors bypass capacitor is terminated into ground, but not in the way you might envisage. Put differently. if the White cathode follower is used with positive power supply rail, then having the cathode resistors bypass capacitor terminate into the B+ connection is a bad idea, as the bypass capacitor will relay the power-supply noise into the output signal.. Aikido White Cathode Follower About a decade ago, I set about trying to apply an Aikido-like elimination of power supply from a standard White cathode follower. The result was the following circuit. Tubes and Religion Well, it looks like I just got promoted. I have been called a tube guru many times, which is not is not something I want to be called . (On the other hand, I have friends who would give anythinganythingto be called a maharishi or guru or sage or czar or.) But now I am being hailed as the American tube pope, Der amerikanische Rhrenpapst John Broskie. well, at least I am at the German HB HIFI website. Janus Regulator Kits I have finally gathered all the parts needed to offer 10 Janus regulator kits. The Janus shunt regulator made its first appearance in 2007, at the end of Blog 112 and in the middle of blog 117. In a nutshell, the Janus shunt regulator uses both feedforward- and feedback-based shunt regulation to reject both the rectifier-induced power-supply noise and the signal-induced power-supply noise from its output. 28 Sep 2008 Hybrid SE CF Power Amplifier Cathode follower output stages were covered back in 2005. The nutshell-fitting conclusion was that the cathode follower output stage, because of its low gain, which is always less than unity, must make enormous demands on its input and driver stage supply a voltage swing even greater than what the cathode must swing. In other words, although the cathode follower output stage offers low distortion, the input and driver stages are so greatly burdened that their combined distortion contribution can easily undo the gains made by the cathode follower output stage. The following hybrid amplifier uses a cascoded input stage develop a high amount of wide-bandwidth gain to drive the second gain stage to full output.. 07 Sept 2008 UltraPath = Ultra-Simple (Except that it's Not) While talking to John Atwood the other day, the fellow behind the Clarisonus website, the topic of Ultrapath circuit came up. I was surprised at my instant expression of exasperation with the Ultrapath circuit and its ardent supporters. What surprised me most about my emotion-laden response was that Ultrapath storm has long passed. For a period of about four years, starting around eight years ago, I was asked often was Is the Ultrapath the ne plus ultra? (Never, however, in those exact words, sadly.) I never liked the question. Why? To start with, the question was always asked in the same manner, excitedly, wide-eyed, an energized agitation worthy of a diehard Star-Wars fan recounting his favorite scenes in the latest installment from George Lucas. Second, the question, when examined closely, reveals itself to be incomplete, empty of a referent or even a context that would make the question answerable.. How the Ultrapath Works Lets look into the Ultrapath circuit. Picture a perfect power supply, differing from ground by only a large DC offset, but otherwise offering just as a perfect ground connection. In other words, such an ideal power supply would be free from the real-world liabilities that actual power supplies suffer from, such as frequency-dependent output resistance, rectification and signal-induced noise. In fact, so perfectly would the B+ connection mimic ground that the Ultrapath circuit would perform identically to an equivalent grounded-cathode amplifier, yielding no sonic difference whatsoever. In this fantasy world, the Ultrapath would not be so ultra, being jinxed by its requiring a high-voltage cathode-bypass capacitor, rather than the low-voltage capacitor the conventional grounded-cathode amplifier can get away with. Ultrapath Single-Ended Amplifiers What about using the Ultrapath technique with a single-ended amplifier, as many audiophiles do? Once again, the same egregious amplification of the power-supply noise pollutes the output signal, as the output transformers primary presents an impedance that is fairly flat across the audio band and against which the triode develops a signal gain. Unlike the plate resistor, the output transformers primary only transfers the differential across its leads, so a small portion of the power-supply noise gets rejected. Still, the single-ended amplifier below will be ultra noisy.. Parafeed and Ultrapath I know that many solder slingers will try anything. God bless them. However, applying the Ultrapath technique to a parafeed line stage amplifier or power amplifier can be a stunningly bad idea.. 31 Aug 2008 One More Phono Preamp Design More phono preamp circuits. It all started with the use of a battery as a coupling-capacitor/voltage-reference between the phono cartridge and the preamp's input. The battery qua coupling-capacitor/voltage-reference opens up a thick deposit of possible new circuits. The following is a hybrid effort that provides enough gain to accept a low-output MC phono cartridge.. 26 Aug 2008 Inverted Grounded-Cathode Amplifier My last blog entry provoked some head scratching, as I deduced from the e-mail asking for clarification on the following circuit. It wasn't just the two batteries that confused, but the cathode-follower-looking appearance of the topology. The e-mails asked, How can there be any gain at all, when this circuit is clearly a unity-gain cathode follower? Transformer-Coupled Aikido Line-Stage Amplifier Now that we are mentally limber and the inverted-grounded-cathode-amplifier topology no longer seems strange, let's move on to some interesting circuits. At the top of this blog entry, we see the Aikido phono pre-preamp circuit, but there is no reason that we cannot use this topology elsewhere, in a line stage amplifier for example. The following circuit uses an input transformer to DC isolate the signal source completely from the line stage amplifier. note the absence of a ground connection on the transformers primary. Once the input signal has been reflected across the input transformer, the input triode amplifies, while the second tube buffers the output signal. Power-supply noise is dropped from the output and the output coupling capacitor provides a safety net. Aikido-Unicorn Phono Preamp Just to help further establish my non-guru status, I present the above original circuit. Non-guru? If I were a tube guru (or a better businessman) I would never distract you with more phono preamp circuits. instead, I would claim that the Aikido PH-1 phono stage was perfect and that all other phono stages are laughingly inferior. As for the name, Aikido-Unicorn, back in 2002, I wrote an essay titled, RIAA Preamps Part 2, wherein on page 10 the Unicorn topology made its first showing. 06 Aug 2008 MC Pre-Preamplifiers Moving-coil cartridges often put out so little voltage that +20dB to +30dB of voltage gain must be added before they can be used with a standard +40dB phono preamp. The extra gain can be had either actively or passively. Both approaches are difficult to realize without compromising the tiny and delicate signals integrity, as quality transformers are supremely difficult to design and all active devices and resistors add noise and distortion to the output signal. Well, what about all those new super-linear, super-quiet OpAmps that are being touted as the easy solution to all audio problems? Aside from the perceived sellout implicit in all hybrid efforts, the OpAmps all require a negative power supply, which many tube-loving folk fear as much as many solid-state-loving folk fear high-voltage power supplies.. Aikido Phono Pre-Preamp Since the Aikido is known for its low noise and low distortion, it would seem a natural for a pre-preampand it is, as long as one is willing to accept the higher noise that all tubes must intrinsically add, because of their low transconductance and high plate resistances. Even the unbypassed cathode resistors will add noise to the circuit. The following circuit uses two batteries to create an Aikido phono pre-preamp that forgoes cathode resistors in the first stage.. 25 Jul 2008 At long last. the Aikido Phono Preamp This Aikido phono preamp uses passive equalization, rather than active, feedback-based equalization. By cutting the highs and boosting the bass, the phono stages inverse RIAA equalization of the LPs RIAA equalization curve returns the signal to flat. The passive equalization network sits in between two Aikido gain stages. 13 Jul 2007 Sharing the Workload Consider this, 99.9% of hybrid amplifiers just pass the signal from one technology to anotherusually from vacuum tube to solid-state, but not always. AJ van Doorn's hybrid amplifier strove to be different, to have the tube and solid-state portions of the amplifier work together at driving the loudspeaker. As I have stated before, I do not believe that Mr. van Doorn has succeeded. Now lets look into an established method for truly running two amplifier in parallel. 09 Jun 2008 24V Aikido PCBs Other PCBs If you have visited the GlassWare Yahoo Store recently, you probably have noticed that almost everything is sold out. Well, I have finally relented and placed a large order with my PCB fabrication house and the PCBs should arrive soon. A mix of old and new PCBs is coming. The old. stereo, mono, octal, 9-pin, and stepped attenuator boards. The new. a new rev of the 24V Aikido board and an Aikido phono preamplifier.. More GainClone Thoughts I asked if any reader knew of a unity-gain-stable power OpAmp last time. Thanks from me to those who made suggestions, such as the LM12 and the Apex line of high-voltage/high-power OpAmps. Why was I interested in finding such a power amplifier? I have several topologies in mind that could only be used with a unity-gain-stable power amplifier, for example. an Aikido-gain-clone power amplifier that uses a mono-polar power supply.. Differential GainClones A common design choice is to run two solid-state power amplifiers differentially, so that the loudspeaker never makes a connection to ground, as each power amplifier swings output voltage in the opposite direction. Such an arrangement allows twice the voltage and current swings into the load, so four times the potential power output should be developed. (Well, thats the theory. reality is a bit more stingy.) For example, two 50W power amplifiers should be able to deliver 200W into the same 8-ohm load.. What JRB Would Really Do Moving away from theory and moving closer to practice, I would never actually build the above circuit as drawn, as I do not think that the LM3886s would be up to the task. A quick scan of DIY postings on the web reveals that the National Semiconductor Overture series of OpAmp power amplifier all hold the same Achilles tendon. heat dissipation. An LM3886 might be big for an OpAmp, but it is miniscule for a 60W power amplifier. It will get hot and the heat must be wicked away or the LM3886 own thermal management circuit will shut the amplifier down. Placing the amplifier in differential configuration doubles the problem, as twice the current must be delivered with the same rail voltages. Given only two LM3886s, the only practical solution might be to use a fan to force cool air through a large heatsink. 19 May 2008

Magazine, I am a long-time fan of his. Back to tubes, last time we took a large back step, reviewing cathode follower topologies, in preparation for moving forward to hybrid, DC-coupled throughout, tube-based, unity-gain bufferswhich is much harder to say quickly than No-GainNo-Pain line-stage. Pentode-Based Followers Pentodes do not work that differently from triodes in a cathode-follower circuit, unlike grounded-cathode amplifiers that use pentodes to realize high gain, but at the cost of higher distortion and output impedance than a triode would give in the pentodes place. Super Symmetrical Cathode Follower This modified cathode follower both rejects power supply noise and produces less distortion. The guiding principle behind the circuit is that a simple cathode follower is incased in a complex circuit, with the topmost triode working to provide a constant cathode-to-plate voltage across the simple cathode followers triode, while the two bottommost triodes work to define a constant-current source in place of a cathode resistor. 28 Apr 2007 Teflon Coupling Capacitors I own three different Teflon-based coupling capacitors. I have tried them all, but I do not use them. Why? Although they each can do certain things better than any other coupling capacitor, overall they sound wrong. I mentioned this to my friend Chris and he told me that I probably hadnt given them enough of a break in period. I asked how that should take. his reply was sometimes months. To make things even worse, he pointed out that each time they are energized, they must undergo a mini-break-in period, sometimes lasting an hour or so. Well, I do not have the time or patience for such recalcitrant capacitors, so they languish in my part pin. More No-GainNo-Pain Before moving forward with the last blog entry's circuit, let's back up a bit first. Tube-based buffer line stages that provide no voltage gain are rare. As far as I know, no commercially-offered, unity-gain, tube-based buffer exists. This is an odd situation, as passive line-stages are popular, which proves that extra signal gain isnt always required. Yet passive line stages often prove inadequate, incapable of driving high-capacitance cables or low-input impedances. (Additionally, active line-stage amplifiers can often impart the missing heft and solidity that is missing in many passive setups, even when the load is wimpy, but at the cost of some added noise and distortion.).. 22 Apr 2007 Passive Line Stages and the TCJ Stepped Attenuator Passive line stages are popular, with good reason. Many CD players and stand-alone DACs deliver a healthy 2V to 3V of output voltage and the average amplifier can be driven to full output with only 1V of peak output signal. If there is no gain, there cannot be much distortion. No line amplifier is distortionless, whereas a quality stepped attenuators distortion cannot be readily measured. Well, in practice, things can dirty this clear solution. Still, it is hard to argue against not having to spend a bundle on an active line stage amplifier when no extra voltage gain is needed. NO GAIN, NO PAIN Speaking of no gainno pain, back in October of 1998, at the GlassWare website, in the Tube Circuit of the Month section, I described a tube-based, unity-gain buffer circuit that named the NO-GAINNO-PAIN line stage amplifier The circuit was simple enough. a triode-based cathode follower (with a small unbypassed cathode resistor) terminates into a complaint constant-current source, which terminates into a -12V power-supply rail. 16 Apr 2007 Patent number. 3,184,687 AKA, SRPP meets Ultrapath Here is an interesting patent by Charles A. Wilkins, a fellow who worked for Amperex and upon whom I will defineatly do more patent searches. Interesting because I came up with the same circuit on my own about 20 years ago, but I never could get it to stop oscillating (big, nasty 50Vpk swings at 500kHz). 01 Apr 2007 A Phone Call to Bill Perkins Let me ruin your life, is what I said on the phone the other day to Bill Perkins of PEARL Audio fame. Stop and think about it. What would it take ruin someones life? What could I tell him that would be so devastating? Something big and really nasty? Often, yes, but not always. 25 Mar 2007 Tube Tidbits

.. Balanced-Ouput DACs Diff Amps When presented with a balanced input signal source, most tube fanciers first response is to turn to the classic long-tailed differential amplifier. The reason is not hard to find. The differential amplifier accepts a balanced input signal and delivers a balanced output signal. In addition, it offers an excellent CMRR figure, which means that common-mode noise will be dropped from its output. 21 Aug 2006 Balanced-Ouput DACs and Tubes Back to DACs. Last time we looked at this topic, we saw tube circuits picking up their input signal from DACs with a single output, which was either a voltage or a current output. So far, everything has been fairly straightforward. however, when we come to DACs with balanced outputs, we face a few twists. For example, most CD players and stand-alone DAC units that sport balanced-output DACs are not balanced themselves at their outputs, with a single RCA jack per channel as an output. Here is another oddity. the output of a non-balanced DAC is usually referenced to ground, with an output that expects to see 0V. On the other hand, balanced outputs are usually referenced to some positive voltage, say 2.5V. 12 Aug 2006 Transformer-Coupled Aikido Capacitors stink. And whoother than capacitor manufacturers and vendorswould argue otherwise? Yes, I know that resistors, inductors, transformers, and all active devices, such as transistors and, yes even, tubes also fall short in their own way. So, a more accurate phrasing might be. capacitors, relative to other electronic components, stink. 05 Aug 2006 Einstein's amplifier No, Albert didn't design this amplifier. he enjoyed it. Albert Einstein was a dedicated, even ardent, music lover and he played a mean violin as well. Music was easily as important to him as math and physics. (Einstein also loved to sail.) Einstein had excellent taste. for example, he was a huge Mozart and Bach aficionado and, like all right-thinking music lovers, he couldn't tolerate Wagner. Aikido-inspired amplifier for Einstein If I were asked to build an amplifier for Einsteinwhat a great honor it would be (the only person alive today who would justify a similar request and prove such an honor is physicist Craver Mead)it would look something like this. 28 July 2006 NOS NOS used to mean New Old Stock. today it also means No Over-Sampling. Once again, we boldly lunge into the past. Audio Note and Zanden Audio and others are making 1X, no oversampling, no digital filters, standalone DACs. Why? They are said to sound much better than the modern alternative. Do they? I dont know, as I have yet to give them a listen. Certainly, one real advantage to this approach is that it is a breeze to design such a DAC, as so much has been removed. 07 July 2006 Low Output Impedance I had planned to dive into the subject of balanced output DACs, but a reader sent me a troubling e-mail. He asked why I keep recommending using the Aikido amplifier as the front end of an SE power amplifier, when the Aikido holds such a high output impedance. What!!!!! Aikido Cathode Follower Here is a new circuit born from the rib of the Aikido amplifier topology. In other words, it is basically the last half of the Aikido amplifier, but with a subtle twist. A simple, textbook cathode follower consists of only two key components. a triode and a cathode resistor. The cathode followers gain is always less than unity, its output impedance is roughly the reciprocal of the transconductance, and its PSRR is roughly equal to the inverse of the triodes mu. 01 July 2006 DACs Tubes / Bodies Souls Digital-to-analog converters (DACs) and vacuum tubes. its odd that I havent covered this topic before. This topic is so big that several blog entries will be needed no doubt. When I mentioned that I was going to cover this topic, I was asked, Whats a DAC? My answer tickled me so much that we will take a small detour on the way to DACs and tubes. 27 Jun 2006 Ultra-Linear Aikido I do not know why I did not think of creating an ultra-linear Aikido amplifier earlier. I must be slacking or it might my triode-centric worldview blinded me to the possibility. In any case, the idea is an interesting one. a two-ganged potentiometers allows us to vary the pentodes mode of operation from 100% triode to 100% pentode, with any ultra-linear ratio in between also selectable. at the same time, it allows us to maintain the optimal power-supply noise injection into the noise nulling output stage. In other words, one potentiometer adjusts the triode-pentode ratio, while the other adjusts the power-supply noise ratio. 15 Jun 2006 Transformer-Coupled Power Buffers In the schematic above, we see a power pentode configured in a simple single-ended topology, with the only interesting twist being the pentodes cathode direct connection to the transformers secondary. This connection eliminates the pentode functioning as an amplifier, as the cathode follows the grid, thus providing 100% degenerative feedback. This short feedback loop gives the pentodes output stage a low impedance output that it would otherwise be altogether lacking. It also lowers the distortion, improves the PSRR, and extends the bandwidth. Actually, the PSRR is fairly good in a pentode-based single ended amplifier, even without the feedback loop, as the pentodes high rp, unlike the triodes low rp, makes a poor voltage divider against the output transformers primary impedance. Complex Tube Power Buffers Just adding one extra tube gain stage will greatly increase the effective transconductance of the output pentode. In other words, if the gain from the added tube equals 10, then the output tubes effective transconductance will be 10 times greater. a 10mA/V output tube would now equal transconductance of 0.1A/V. Thus, the output impedance will also drop by tenfold. 07 Jun 2006 Buffers and More Buffers For our purposes, namely, using a solid-state power buffer after a vacuum tube voltage amplifier, low distortion is primary. with low-output impedance and freedom from feedback coming second and third. However, a low distortion buffer comes at a price. high idle current. Ideally, our buffers should only be run under class-A operation. Push-pull class-A output stages are naturally clean, as sharp on-off transitions are excluded and the two output devices transfer curves combine in single flatter curve. additionally, class-A operation prevents the problems of switching distortion, gm doubling, and tweaky bias adjustments. Class-A operation, however, is far from efficient. In spite of what the glossy ads say, class-A is brutal, requiring a heavy current draw and lots of heat, requiring massive heatsinks and heavy transformers. This isnt news and everyone knows this, except for those who work in the high-end audio industry. BUF634 So you want to build a hybrid amplifier, maybe a small headphone amplifier. But how to proceed? Which tube front end? (Well, thats an easy question to answer. Aikido amplifier. Of course, it doesnt have to be an Aikido front end.) Which solid-state output stage? Which technology? Which topology? Ken, a reader from Australia, wrote asking about the suitability of using the Bur-Brown BUF634 with a 6GM8-based Aikido amplifier that used a 24-volt power supply. The buffer and Aikido amplifier would run of the same low-voltage power supply (+24V). Power Buffers for Loudspeakers With the headphone amplifier, we were lucky to find a pre-built and tested solution in a buffer IC. But when it comes to driving loudspeakers, this easy option is not really available. Not that good power ICs do not exist, they do. however, only the LM12 is unity-gain stable, as far as I know, which greatly limits our choices. The LM12 is complete power amplifier with its own input and driver stage and feedback loop. Crazy but Good Idea Now what if we think just a little bit bigger than an IC. How about using a complete power amplifier, for example? The idea here is that an existing power amplifier can have its output stage highjacked. Very little of the space inside a solid-state power amplifier is taken up by its input and driver stage, the majority belonging to the power supply and the output stage. In other words, why not buy a decent solid-state push-pull amplifier on eBay or at a garage sale and convert it into a unity-gain power buffer. No, we do not strip away the input stage, we just modify it so that it only controls the DC offset at the output. 04 June 2006 Hybrid Promise Tubes amplify sweetly. solid-state output devices slam and punch. Combined, the tube input stage bestows the delicate signal to the solid-state output stage, which then robustly relays the signal to the loudspeakers or headphones. So the proposition compels us. the notion of using vacuum tubes only for voltage gain, and solid-state devices only for current gain. Its a division of labor that lets each device do what it does best. At least thats the seductive promise. But can it be fulfilled?. Soft-Clipping Circuit First of all, not all solid-state output stages clip in the same way. Some clip much more gracefully. How so? 99.9% of all solid-state amplifiers use three stages. an input stage that provides gain and a feedback input, a second stage that provides gain (VAS, voltage amplification stage) and current gain, and a unity-gain buff output stage. Now, if the second stage holds an output-referenced cascode topology, this stage will help make for much softer clipping, as it runs out of gain as the output approaches clipping. 27 May 2006 Spoiled So, what was I soldering together? I was so tickled by my Aikido as single-ended amplifier front-end experiments that I modified my single ended amplifiers to hold an Aikido circuit, using a 12SL7 as the input tube and a 12SN7 as the buffer tube, followed by two EL34s in parallel. How did it turn out? Much nicer than I expected, to be honest. Paradoxically, the Aikidos four triodes sound much purer, less cluttered, than the single triode they replaced, which sounded diffused and slightly blurred by comparison. The 6082 One reader wanted to know if he could use the 6082 with his octal Aikido PCB (the stereo version). My first guess was no, as the 6082s 26.5V heater would preclude using any typical octal input tube, like the 6SN7. But then I saw the answer was in fact, yes. The 6082 heaters can be wired in parallel (12V on the PCB, jumpers, J2 and J3 only) and the two 12SN7/12SX7 input tubes can have their heaters wired in series (6V on the PCB, jumper, J4 only). Now all the heaters can be run off a 26.5V power supply, which would greatly reduce the current draw and the power supply losses (if nothing else, the diode voltage drops are a much smaller ratio than in a 6.3V power supply, for example, as 1.4V/[6.3V + 1.4V] = 18%, whereas 1.4V/[26.5V + 1.4V] = 5%). Free DC Voltage for Heaters Thinking about the 6082s 26.5V heater led to my thinking about the trick I mentioned long ago. using the input and driver tubes heaters as a cathode resistor for the output stage in a power amplifier. On the mono Aikido PCBs, the two tube heaters can be placed in parallel or in series, so this trick would be easy to accomplish. For example, a 12AX7 as input tube and 12AU7 as buffer tube have 12.6V heaters, which placed in series yield 25.2V. (Fortunately, these two tubes share the same heater current draw. 150mA.) Given that 25.2V divided by 150mA equals 168-ohms of resistance, we can use the heater string as part of a cathode resistors total resistance, as long as the current flowing through the cathode resistor is equal to or greater than 150mA. Now 150mA is far too much current for a single 300B or 6550/KT88, but not for a 6AS7 or 6C33 nor for parallel 300Bs and EL34s and 6550/KT88s. 22 May 2006 Aikido Tubes. Results and Values I keep getting requests for more help in selecting tubes and cathode resistor values for the Aikido line stage amplifier. As many of you can guess, I am not about to say that one tube and set of resistor values are perfect. (What separates me from so many other tube gurus, aside from my not considering myself to be a guru, is my steadfast refusal to believe in one tube, one resistor value, one topology, one capacitor type) So, instead of one quintessential archetype, Ill give many design examples. I have compiled a table of tubes and values and results. Aikido and 300B Amplifiers Once again I was overly pessimistic. Many want to build a single-ended, 300B-based amplifier that uses the Aikido amplifier as the front end. My guess was that the 300B would require too much voltage swing from the Aikido stage. Well, I now think that I was wrong. I performed a quick experiment. I threw together an Aikido amplifier (nothing like having a stack of PCBs to play with) that used a 12AX7 as the input tube and a 12AU7 as the output tube. I then fed the Aikido a 1kHz signal. 13 May 2006 Aikido Hybrid Headphone Amplifiers In a previous blog entry, several hybrid, power amplifiers based on the Aikido were shown. The idea behind these amplifiers was that the Aikido circuit could provide clean gain and that the power MOSFETs, configured in single-ended output stages, could provide the needed heavy current swings. 07 May 2006 Aikido Low-Impedance Headphone Amplifier The design goal here is to build an Aikido headphone amplifier that can drive Grado 32-ohm headphones (or the 55-ohm version of the AKG K 240M), without resorting to a global feedback loop. How much voltage and current does a 32-ohm headphone demand? Well, I remember reading that the iPod puts out a peak voltage of about 1 volt into a 32-ohm load, which equals 31mA of peak current. To comfortably match and, even, exceed this value, our tube-based output stage must draw something like 40mA at idle. No, the 6DJ8 will not work, as it only draws 40mA with its grid at the same voltage as its cathode and we need to draw twice this amount of current (80mA) at peaks. This is the point where I lose half the readers. I can almost hear all those heads being scratched. 27 Apr 2006 Aikido Headphone Amplifiers So is the Aikido amplifier, with its low distortion, low output impedance, feedback-free design and excellent PSRR figure, the best choice for driving headphones? No, I dont think so. In fact, I would argue against its use as a headphone amplifier, as its single-ended output stage greatly limits the potential current swings from the triodes used, and thus a push-pull circuit would beregrettably essential. But then there are the e-mails from readers who tell me that they are using an Aikido amplifier as a headphone amplifier and that they love the sound. 21 Apr 2006 Getting R15 R16 Straight The tipoff came from longtime reader, Paul, who told me that he measured more noise at the output of his Aikido after following the noise voltage divider formula, Resistor ratio = 1/mu + or (for those with my Aikido PCBs) R16 = R15(mu + 2)/(mu - 2). 17 Apr 2006 24-Volt Aikido Amplifier The 6Gm8/6N27P/ECC86 dual triode was designed to be used as an RF amplifier and as a self-oscillator mixer in a car radio, back when car radios held tubes. Unlike most triodes, it works quite well with only 12 volts on its plate. Additionally, like the 6DJ8/6922 this little triode stows a grid frame, making it doubly rare. Fortunately, it shares the same pinout as the 6DJ8/6922, so using it with the 9-pin Aikido PCB is no problem. 11 Apr 2006 Hybrid Aikido Amplifiers Remember the MOSCODE amplifiers from New York Audio Labs? These hybrid amplifiers used two stages of tube amplification and buffering to provide the front end to a push-pull, class-AB MOSFET output stage, which delivered no voltage gain but lots of current gain. Not a bad idea, actually. Well, with the Aikido amplifier the input and buffer stages of a hybrid amplifier are nicely taken care of. Using a 12AX7 (or 5751 or 6072) as the input tube and a 6N1P (or 6FQ7 or 12BH7) as an output tube in the Aikido amplifier would provide both the voltage gain and the drive current needed to drive a pair of MOSFETs to full power in a quiet and clean fashion. 01 Apr 2006 Three-Switch Stepped Attenuators If you dont know what the attenuator is all about, you didnt follow the link to the GlassWare Yahoo! Store. The attenuator is a hybrid design that uses both series and ladder attenuators and three rotary switches to yield 36 positions of attenuation in -2dB decrements. In the first six positions, the attenuator is just a ladder attenuator, with no more than two resistors in the signal path. thereafter, the attenuator uses both a ladder and series attenuator configurations, with never more than eight resistors in the signal path. With -2dB decrements, a maximum of -70dB of attenuation is accomplished.. 26 Mar 2006 Printed Circuit Boards for the Aikido Amplifier Dear Readers, Ive got good news and bad news. First the good news. the rumored Aikido printed circuit boards do exist, and they are beautiful. They look fabulous and feel solid in the hand. They are extra thick, 0.093 (inserting and pulling tubes from their sockets wont bend or break this board), double-sided, with plated 2oz copper traces, clean silkscreen and solder mask. (The comment was made repeatedly that they look military grade, as if their intended use was inside a spy satellite, not a line stage.). 18 Mar 2006 European Triode Festival Aikido amplifier PCBs Well, its now December and I have just returned from Switzerland and Germany, where I attended the European Triode Festival (ETF). Actually, they paid me the great complement of inviting as this years special guest. I am not sure that they got their moneys worth, as I got much more than I gave. I met some truly wonderful men and women. (But then, tube lovers are always an interesting lot.). 10 Dec 2005 Jebs Amplifier Before leaving the topic of cathode-follower output stages with bipolar power supplies, lets look into a circuit that reader, Jeb, designed. His single-ended amplifier uses a single coupling capacitor at the input and DC couples the input stage to the output tubes grid. In addition, its output stage is configured in a parallel-feed arrangement, with the cathode connected to an output transformer and to a solid-state constant-current source. 09 Sept 2005 Radiotron Designers Handbook Ive been asked to provide some reference works on the cathode-follower output stage. This isnt easy to do, as very little has been written on the topic. Even the expansive and exhaustive Radiotron Designers Handbook is startlingly thin and terse on this topic. PDF 14 Aug 2005 Paying up front Lets say that we are willing to fight a fair fight and try to give the cathode follower output stage just what it needs. a larger driver B+ voltage than the output stages B+ voltage. How do we proceed? PDF 04 Aug 2005 Aikido Amplifier Once Again However, I believe the Aikido circuit needs a bit finer stroke now that it seems more familiar. The broad-stroke explanation of the Aikido amplifier was that the circuit eliminated power-supply noise from the output, by injecting the same amount of power-supply noise into the top and bottom of the two-tube cathode follower circuit. PDF 15 July 2005 A Wrong Turn A cathode-follower output stage can excel, but only if it is given a pure input signala very-large pure input signal. Yes, indeed, the problem of giving the output stage the required drive signal is a big one. for what shall it profit a man, if he shall gain the lowest distortion output stage, but loses the driver stages integrity? Verily. Remember the output tube(s) grid must see a signal larger than the cathode will swing. the inverse of the cathode followers gain, in fact. PDF 07 July 2005 Cathode-Follower Power Amplifier Design Heres the usual cathode-follower power-amplifier design thought process. sinceas compared to a grounded-cathode amplifierthe cathode follower offers a much lower output impedance (Zo), the output transformers winding ratio can be equally reduced, allowing the use of 500-ohm primary, where a 5,000-ohm primary impedance might have been needed in a grounded-cathode amplifier. Right? Absolutely dead wrong!.PDF 29 June 2005 Cathode-Follower Power Amplifiers Cathode-follower-based output stages are raresurprisingly rare. A conservative guess would be that 99.9% of tube power amplifiers use the grounded-cathode amplifier configuration, with the load attaching at the plate, not the cathode. the output tubes working as amplifiers, not buffers. Yet, the cathode follower produces far less distortion and a much lower output impedance than the comparable ground-cathode amplifier does when working into the same load. Furthermore, the cathode follower is not straddled with the Miller-effect capacitance that the grounded-cathode amplifier is burdened by. So, the big question is Why isnt the cathode-follower configuration used more often?.PDF 22 June 2005 Auto-Bias and the Circlotron OTL Amplifier Back in 2001, I covered a circuit to balance the idle current (and thus to eliminate the DC offset) of a circlotron OTL amplifier, which easily could have been part of the auto-bias series of blog entries. Here's the link. The title is Subject. active DC offset correction. 09 June 2005 More Auto Bias Circuits One reader asked if the clipping or Broskie auto-bias circuits were suitable for single-ended amplifiers. The answer is yes. Alan Blumlein came up with an auto-bias matching circuit that does not aim to set a specific idle current, but works to keep both output tubes conducting the same idle current. a current balancer, in other words. PDF 21 May 2005 Broskie Auto-Bias Circuit What if we dont clip the error signal? What if, instead, we use it to prevent the DC servo's capacitor's excessive charging from throwing the bias voltage off? Well, thats the idea behind the Broskie auto-bias circuit. PDF 09 May 2005 Class-AB Auto-Bias Circuits If the usual DC-servo auto-bias circuit did not work perfectly with a class-A amplifier, an amplifier operating mode that seems a perfect candidate for a simple DC servo circuit, what hope do we have for an auto-bias circuit for class-AB amplifiers? Well, a few techniques have been tried. PDF

Welcome to AM Glassware Manufacturer's of Scientific Coulometric Karl Fischer Glassware. Situated in Aberdeen Scotland AM Glassware have been designing manufacturing scientific laboratory glassware for many years. In recent times we have developed our unique range of specialised Karl Fischer titration glassware for use with all leading Coulometric Karl Fischer Titrators on the market. Listed on this site are a range of products AM Glassware have designed manufacture for customers world-wide. To help with ease of navigation of this site listed opposite are a range of product categories that each product falls under, click on the category of choice for a brief description thumbnail images. If you wish to go direct to a specific product then the drop down menu at the top of the page can be used for faster navigation.

Combining engineering skills with glassblowing AM Glassware have developed a unique range of Corrosion Testing equipment.

AM Glassware manufacture Karl Fischer glassware compatible with a number of leading Coulometric Karl Fischer titrators on the market today. The use of the most chemically inert materials around combined with our expanded platinum unimesh on all our generator electrodes ensures the most accurate of results. Visit our Coulometric Karl Fischer Glassware section to find out more.

AM Glassware offer a full range of specialised glassblowing services for the manufacture of specialised laboratory glassware for your specific application. Visit our Custom Made Glassware section to find out more.

AM Glassware design manufacture glassware products for use in laboratories for gas sampling. Visit our Gas Sampling section to find out more.

AM Glassware supply Borosilicate glass tubing, rod and cappillary in a full range of diameters and wall thicknesses. We also offer a precise diamond cutting service on request.

Over the years AM Glassware have developed a number of products used in the Petroleum Testing Field. Visit our Petroleum Testing Products Section to find out more.

AM Glassware manufacture Reaction Vessels in various sizes volumes. All are manufactured to your specific needs with or without outer jackets in many different designs. Visit our Reaction Vessels Section to find out more.

AM Glassware manufacture all sizes of Soxhlet Extraction glassware for extraction using solvents. All are manufactured to meet your specific needs. Visit our Soxhlet Extraction section to find out more.

As well as specialised laboratory glassware AM Glassware also offer a wide range of Standard Laboratory Glassware Products. Catalogue pages are available here in PDF format visit our Standard Laboratory Glassware Section to find out more.

We cannot believe more strongly that knowledge is the only way to stop the sale of reproduction glassware which we hope in turn will stop its production. Knowledge makes our collecting experience more enjoyable, and knowledge will protect our collection investments. We welcome all comments, corrections and new additions to this information (see bottom of page).

The Aldrich Glass Shop has grown into the Sigma-Aldrich Glass Center, a center of excellence and innovation in the design and manufacture of glassware for chemists worldwide. Whether your needs are Corning glassware, Pyrex glassware, distillation glassware, or custom designed glassware you can be assured of the highest-quality glassware. Our vast chemical background and our continual collaboration between Aldrich Chemists and Aldrich Glassblowers, give us unique insight into glassware design.

We carry Buchi rotary evaporators, 3-neck round bottomed flasks, gas tapered flasks, Corning glassware and can create glassware to your custom design.

DKK Glassware Co. Ltd., is one of the most professional glass makers in China, our stunning glass line consists of a wide variety of innovative products. Mouth blown vases, Candle holders, Stem ware, Machined bottles, Barrels, Table- and Kitchenware. Our goal is to provide the best quality and service to Wholesalers and Retailers around the world. - Clear glass Electric furnace - Colored glass, Pot furnace - Machine press furnace 10-80 ton - Machine blown glass (3 to 8 sections) Innovation - new items for each season - discovering new material as well as new design and technics Quality - independent QA team for during production check-up - independent QC team for pre shipment quality check - always striving for better and higher quality level - thorough quality standard sheet in cooperation with client Service - foreign speaking sales personal - quotation within max 3 days - inhouse design team - inhouse photo studio - express delivery service (7 days after order confirmation) - deep process production (frost, spray, engrave etc.) - one stop glassware provider

International Houseware Show 2009 Sunday Tuesday Martch 22-24 Mcormick Place, Chicago, IL, USA, Booth no. S112 International Houseware Show Website Pictures from Canton Fair Fall 2008 DKK Glassware showed many new items at the show. Especially the colored glass vases vase well received by clients from allover. China Import and export Fair (Canton Fair) October 24-28th 2008 We will be exhibiting at Booth no. 4.2.C37-C38 Canton Fair Website Excellent trade show in Frankfurt At the Frankfurt show our cubes and cylinders was well received. Samples and photo quotations will be sent out lastest July 17th 2008. To see latest products and fair promitions login or signup.

Once again we've expanded updated our very popular Laboratory Glassware set to include more laboratory glassware equipment. All components are brand new and prime laboratory quality. Everything you see in the image is included. All glassware is fabricated from high quality Borosilicate heat resistant glass ( Pyrex type ). The perfect kit for setting up a lab, or general science/research use.

Please note that on occasion some glassware items may be substituted for similar components depending on current availability.

This is an excellent assortment of some of the most commonly used Poly Labware items. Kit consists of 20 items shipped in a convenient storage box. Personally, we use Poly Labware for almost all our work. The only time we resort to glassware is when heating is required. The Poly Labware containers pour better, and are certainly less expensive. not to mention unbreakable. They are ideal for field work where glassware is too fragile to be used or transported.

Test Tubes, in the most common size. 15mm x 150mm. Like all our glassware, they are fabricated from top quality heat resistant Borosilicate (Pyrex-type) glass. Perfect for all laboratory uses.

For those of you with a need for specialized small glassware, we've assembled a micro set for you. The set contains one each of the following. 10 ml Beaker 25 ml Erlenmeyer Flask 25 ml Florence Flask 10 ml Graduated Cylinder Perfect for dealing with small amounts of material. Just like our full-sized glassware, this set is composed of laboratory quality, heat resistant Borosil glassware. We've included solid (size #1) rubber stoppers for the Erlenmeyer and Florence flasks.

The piece of glassware that was just about always shown in drawings of ancient Alchemists laboratories, Retorts are still a quick easy way to distill liquids. The liquid to be distilled is placed in the vessel and heated. The neck acts as a condenser, allowing the evaporated vapors to condense and flow along the neck to a collection vessel placed underneath. Not quite as efficient as using water cooling and a standard laboratory condenser, but a lot more convenient. Retorts are available in 500 ml and 1L, both have ground glass stoppers making them suitable for use with highly corrosive materials or liquids that would attack rubber stoppers. Like all our glassware, they're made from high quality heat resistant Borosilicate glass.

This Risk Assessment refers to the use of ordinary laboratory glassware, including equipment under reduced pressure or vacuum. It does NOT apply to glassware used under elevated pressure.

From mishandling of glassware, the most likely person to be injured is the user although, in the case of imploding glass, anyone in the vicinity is likely to be hurt.

Training in the safe use of normal laboratory glassware is part of the Undergraduate course but extra training by Research Advisers/Supervisors may be required for the use of glassware under vacuum.

All glassware should be checked to ensure that it is free from cracks, flaws or scratches that may cause it to fail in use.

For glassware under vacuum, volumes of 1 litre or larger should be enclosed in tape or plastic mesh to restrain fragments in the event of implosion. This applies to equipment such as vacuum storage bulbs, rotary evaporators, vacuum desiccators etc. See the Risk Assessment

Detergents are the normal means of cleaning glassware. More drastic methods such as the use of chromic acid should be used only when cleaning with detergents or solvents is inadequate and should be covered by a separate Risk Assessment. Beware of fire risk if using solvents to clean or dry.

This Risk Assessment refers to the use of ordinary laboratory glassware, including equipment under reduced pressure or vacuum. It does NOT apply to glassware used under elevated pressure.

From mishandling of glassware, the most likely person to be injured is the user although, in the case of imploding glass, anyone in the vicinity is likely to be hurt.

Training in the safe use of normal laboratory glassware is part of the Undergraduate course but extra training by Research Advisers/Supervisors may be required for the use of glassware under vacuum.

All glassware should be checked to ensure that it is free from cracks, flaws or scratches that may cause it to fail in use.

For glassware under vacuum, volumes of 1 litre or larger should be enclosed in tape or plastic mesh to restrain fragments in the event of implosion. This applies to equipment such as vacuum storage bulbs, rotary evaporators, vacuum desiccators etc. See the Risk Assessment

Detergents are the normal means of cleaning glassware. More drastic methods such as the use of chromic acid should be used only when cleaning with detergents or solvents is inadequate and should be covered by a separate Risk Assessment. Beware of fire risk if using solvents to clean or dry.

Home rare earth magnets, molecular models, credit card magnifiers, school science supplies Search BiologyImagesDatabase Glassware Magnets Magnifiers Misc. ScienceSupplies Molecular Models Nanotech. Multimedia Test Strips Tools Tuning Forks Order Info.

Orosilicate glass withstands thermal shock chemical attack better than most other kinds and is the material of choice for use in many chemistry applications. Glassware cannot be returned for any reason. this is for your safety and ours. It would be prohibitively expensive to test for bacteriological, chemical or radiological agents since there is no way to tell if glass has been contaminated just by looking at it. We would have to throw it away even if you claim to never have opened the package. Beakers. Borosilicate science lab glass beakers can be used for routine mixing, measuring and boiling. Similar to pyrex beakers in chemical composition, they can be used for all the same basic aqueous measuring, mixing and heating applications where a glass lab beaker is required. Boiling Flasks. These borosilicate boiling flasks (florence flask) are made to ISO 1773 and are highly resistant to breakage due to heating or chemical attack. A flat bottom boiling flask can be used on a wire mesh, a round bottom one needs a clamp and bosshead. Use instead of an erlenmeyer flask if vigorous boiling is required. Burets. Glass burets (burettes) have a variety of applications and are used mainly where accurate amounts of liquid must be added in small amounts. A class B buret will suffice for most non-analytical applications such as acid-base titrations and measuring motor oil for motorcycle racing. Erlenmeyer Flasks. An erlenmeyer flask is commonly used for simple measuring, storing and mixing of liquids. They can be used as wine or juice containers, culture chambers and brewing vats. We supply cork and rubber stoppers to fit them but for many applications, a piece of cellophane (parafilm) will also work. These flasks are autoclavable. We have cycled them repeatedly without any failures. Funnels. We carry 250, 500 and 1000ml separatory funnels with glass stopcocks and teflon (PTFE) and stoppers. Graduated Cylinders Graduated cylinders are handy for accurate measurements of small volumes of liquid that cannot be done with beakers and flasks. A borosilicate glass graduated cylinder should be used instead of other materials such as polypropylene and TPX if you are going to use oxidizing materials and certain hydrocarbons which can cause plastic to cloud. Pipets. These class B, blowout measuring pipets are accurate to 0.1% and are ideal for measuring small volumes for doing chemical titrations and serial dilutions for naturopathic medicine tinctures used in homeopathic remedies and other new age therapies. A glass measuring pipet is an autoclavable (sterilizable), reusable, economical alternatives to disposibles. Test Tubes. Test tubes are among the most common of requirements for lab supplies. The 18x150mm is considered the standard lab test tube size. The largest, 25x150mm will hold a cigar or spices. A culture tube is a test tube without a lip. Volumetric Flasks. Volumetric flasks are used in analytical chemistry to produce accurate solutions. However, they can be used as decorative glassware around the home for holding salad dressings, etc. This brand of volumetric flask is made to ISO 1402 standards and are class B accuracy. Stoppers are included. Watchglasses. Watch glasses have all kinds of uses. They are concave dishes that can be used as beaker lids. to hold protists and other invertebrates for viewing under a microscope. or to dissolve materials such as crystals and powders.

Topart Glassware Manufacturing Co.,Ltd is a professional glassware manufacturer. We are a middle-size enterprise owning over two hundreds of craftsman and one hundred of skilled workers. Our products are sold in worldwide including North America, Europe Union and Oceania. We also supply glass raw material to home glass manufacturer and trader.

As a leading glassware enterprise, we were established in 1991, developing from the original small workshop into now an advanced enterprise. We own two different production lines, glass furnace production and pyrex glass heating-treated production. Both technologies are highly depending on our hand-made skills. Our craftsman working on many years glassware manufacturing are full of experience.

We have been devoting to developing functional domestic glasswares as well as collectible features. Experience and innovation, service and quality, as the factors of our prior consideration keep us growing flourished and vigorously.

Industrial Glassware is a manufacturer and distributor of glass and plastic sample collection containers for the environmental-testing and chemical industries. Our 25 years of manufacturing experience sets us apart from our competitors because it enables us to provide you with higher quality products and unequaled support.

All Glassware Hand Painted in the United States. All Glassware Made by Libbey. There are 51 Glassware decors to choose from.

Many to choose from with matching Hand Painted Glassware to give you a Classy Bar you will be Proud to Show Off. Our Hand Painted Martini Glasses includes

American Flag Martini Glasses & Angel Fish Martini Painted Glassware Angel Wings Martini Hand Painted Glasses & Beach Party Martini Glasses Butterfly Meadow Martini Glasses & Enchantment Martini Painted Glassware Hibuscus Martini Painted Glassware & One Martini Two Martini Glasses Sunflower Martini Hand Painted Glasses & Pretty in Pink Martini Glasses & many More. Our Hand Painted Wine Glasses includes American Flag Wine Glasses & Angel Fish Painted Wine Glasses Angel Wings Hand Painted Wine Glasses & Beach Party Painted Wine Glasses Bride Heirloom Wine Glasses & Enchantment Painted Wine Glassware Hibuscus Wine Hand Painted Glasses & Friends Like Wine, Wine Glasses Sunflower Wine Hand Painted Glasses & Pretty in Pink Wine Glasses & many More.

Balance Bulk Powder Enclosures Biosafety Cabinets, Clean Benches & other HEPA-Filtered Enclosures Blood Drawing Chairs Carbon-Filtered Enclosures Centrifugal Vacuum Concentrators Cold Traps Density Gradient Fractionators Digital Chloridometers Evaporation Systems Freeze Dry Systems Fume Hoods Enclosures Glassware Washers Glove Boxes Kjeldahl, Fat Fiber Apparatus Lab Animal Enclosures Lab Carts, Tables Benches Nanotechnology Enclosures Non-Ventilated Enclosures Vacuum Desiccators Water Purification Systems Request Additional Product Information

Concentration Digital Chloridometer Evaporation Freeze Dry Glassware Washers Kjeldahl, Fat and Crude Fiber Apparatus Vacuum Desiccators Vacuum Pumps Ventilation Products Water Purification Systems Miscellaneous

Labconco laboratory glassware washers have specialized features to meet the laboratory’s demand for superior cleaning and convenience. Our model line includes FlaskScrubber Glassware Washers, FlaskScrubber Vantage Series Glassware Washers, and SteamScrubber Glassware Washers View Laboratory Glassware Washers

Hours. 6.00AM-5.00PM, Monday through Friday Clean glassware generally has a 24 hour turn around time, though exceptions may occur due to high volumes. Services routinely available to all center laboratories are washing, drying, sterilizing, foil wrapping, pipette plugging and autoclaving of liquids. Steam and dry heat sterilization methods are offered.

All glassware must be labeled with the laboratory room number and P. I.'s initials. Glassware can be labelled with marking pens or "Tough Tag Labels". Contact glassware for further information. As time permits, glassware personnel will provide assistance in labeling bulk purchases.

It is recommended that each lab have at least two carts. one to accommodate glassware processing needs and a second for collecting dirty glassware in your lab. To minimize chances for breakage in transport, carts should not be overfilled and large cylinders should not be placed on the top shelf of the cart.

Dirty glassware should be rinsed out and soaking in mild detergent or bleach. (NOTE. detergent and bleach can be obtained from the glassware facility. Additional information regarding soaking agents is provided at the end of this section.) Agar and cellular pellets should be rinsed out of the glassware before placing it on the soiled glassware cart.

Place the soiled glassware cart outside your room for pick-up (if possible, by 8.30 A. M. or deliver to AD-131 as early as possible to ensure next day return.) If you need immediate attention, please have your lab personnel deliver your cart to AD-131 with a special request form (forms are available outside the door of each glassware room). NOTE. Exceptions to next day return may occur due to high volumes of either glassware or pipettes.

Do not over stack the glassware carts and tubs of glassware. Often glass in the bottom of the tub is broken by the time it reaches the wash room. Please place glassware in tubs on the lower shelves if the cart does not have rails.

7x. Use for hand washing of items. if left sitting, the water comes thick, syrupy. Not recommended for general soaking. (Provided by Glassware)

RBS. Mild disinfectant, use as wetting agent. Rinses free, no residue. Doesn't etch glassware. does not react with most chemicals utilized in biochem work. Follow instructions on container for concentrations. All items should be totally submersed, otherwise residues will collect in air pockets (special attention needs to be paid to volumetric flasks). Change water in container as necessary. items can be rinsed and then placed on cart for shipment to Glassware.

Alkaline Detergent. Especially useful for items which are extremely dirty. lifts off caramelized agar (1-5 dilution). (Provided by Glassware)

Bleach. Disinfectant (low concentrations can be used). If pipettes contain blood - containers must be filled to point which covers pipettes completely. (Provided by Glassware)

All pipettes should have some kind of identifiable marks on them. If you are purchasing new pipettes, a number of vendors will include personalization (investigator initials or name) on the pipettes at no charge. Old pipettes can be marked using an electric pencil (available for check out from the Glassware Resource).

Please do not force or drop pipettes into holding cylinders. All pipettes should be soaked in a disinfectant prior to sending to glassware. Rinse out agar from all pipettes before it solidified.

Liquids are done as an extra service by the resource and are worked around the schedule for processing glassware. If you will have a large run of liquids (over 20 bottles or 10 liters), or if you will require same day return, contact the lead glassware technician within your designated room so that they can plan to fit your run into their schedule.

If you prefer to do it yourself, autoclaves are available in the following locations. A1-198, A2-128, A3-169, B2-123, C2-136 and C3-128. Operating instructions are posted adjacent to each autoclave. If you have any problems, contact glassware at the number posted.

As any experienced laboratory chemist knows, nothing beats having an in-house glassblower. If a critical piece of expensive glassware (such as a vacuum line) is broken, your laboratory might be out of commission until a repair is made or a substitute is found.

ALWAYS bring CLEAN glassware free of ALL chemical residues. Most glassblowers will refuse to work on a dirty piece of glass. many are insulted by someone who asks otherwise. Think about it. the glassblower will be blowing in and out of the hot pieces of glass to work the repair. Would you be willing to inhale unknown toxic substances and their combustion products?

Realize that not every piece of work qualifies as an emergency rush job. Everybody with broken glassware would like to have their repairs made immediately. However, most glassblowers are backlogged and service is generally on a first-come, first-serve basis. Sometimes, a glassblower will help you out in a special case or give priority to teaching laboratory items, but that is up to him or her.

Cleaning laboratory glassware isn't as simple as washing the dishes. Here's how to wash your glassware so that you won't ruin your chemical solution or laboratory experiment. Cleaning Basics It's generally easier to clean glassware if you do it right away. When detergent is used, it's usually one designed for lab glassware, such as Liquinox or Alconox. These detergents are preferable to any dishwashing detergent you might use on dishes at home. Much of the time, detergent and tap water are neither required nor desirable. You can rinse the glassware with the proper solvent, then finish up with a couple of rinses with distilled water, followed by final rinses with deionized water. How to Wash Out Common Lab Chemicals

Water Soluble Solutions(e. g., sodium chloride or sucrose solutions) Rinse 3-4 times with deionized water then put the glassware away.

Water Insoluble Solutions (e. g., solutions in hexane or chloroform) Rinse 2-3 times with ethanol or acetone, rinse 3-4 times with deionized water, then put the glassware away. In some situations other solvents need to be used for the initial rinse.

) Under the fume hood, carefully rinse the glassware with copious volumes of tap water. Rinse 3-4 times with deionized water, then put the glassware away.

OH) Under the fume hood, carefully rinse the glassware with copious volumes of tap water. Rinse 3-4 times with deionized water, then put the glassware away.

OH) Rinse thoroughly with tap water to remove the base, then rinse 3-4 times with deionized water before putting the glassware away. Washing Special Glassware

Glassware Used for Organic ChemistryRinse the glassware with the appropriate solvent. Use deionized water for water-soluble contents. Use ethanol for ethanol-soluble contents, followed by rinses in deionized water. Rinse with other solvents as needed, followed by ethanol and finally deionized water. If the glassware requires scrubbing, scrub with a brush using hot soapy water, rinse thoroughly with tap water, followed by rinses with deionized water.

Pipets and Volumetric FlasksIn some cases, you may need to soak the glassware overnight in soapy water. Clean pipets and volumetric flasks using warm soapy water. The glassware may require scrubbing with a brush. Rinse with tap water followed by 3-4 rinses with deionized water. Drying or Not Drying Glassware

Not DryingIt is inadvisable to dry glassware with a paper towel or forced air since this can introduce fibers or impurities that can contaminate the solution. Normally you can allow glassware to air dry on the shelf. Otherwise, if you are adding water to the glassware, it is fine to leave it wet (unless it will affect the concentration of the final solution). If the solvent will be ether, you can rinse the glassware with ethanol or acetone to remove the water, then rinse with the final solution to remove the alcohol or acetone.

Rinsing with ReagentIf water will affect the concentration of the final solution, triple rinse the glassware with the solution.

Drying GlasswareIf glassware is to be used immediately after washing and must be dry, rinse it 2-3 times with acetone. This will remove any water and will evaporate quickly. While it's not a great idea to blow air into glassware to dry it, sometimes you can apply a vacuum to evaporate the solvent. Additional Notes

The deionized water rinse should form a smooth sheet when poured through clean glassware. If this sheeting action is not seen, more aggressive cleaning methods may be needed. Recent Chemistry Features | Chemistry Encyclopedia

Over the last forty years, Robert Welch Designs Limited has developed the reputation of being one of the UKs leading houseware designers. Though probably best well known for innovative cutlery/flatware patterns, the company can also boast a comprehensive selection of silverware, tableware, glassware (hand blown lead crystal), kitchenware and lighting designs. Silverware collections can be seen in museums and official residences in the UK as well as all over the world. Over the years Robert Welch houseware and tableware products have received numerous design awards. More recently, William Welch MA was the proud winner of the prestigious OXO Design Award for his stunning Comet cutlery/flatware range. The Robert Welch website pulls together forty years of design experience and offers a comprehensive collection of unique products for the home. Many of the ranges you can view, for example glassware, are exclusive to Robert Welch Designs. All UK and non-UK orders are accepted.

Robert Welch trained as a Silversmith at Birmingham College of Art, UK. He then moved to the Royal College of Art, UK, in 1952, where he specialized exclusively in stainless steel production design. His first design consultancy was for Old Hall Tableware in 1955. In 1965 he was awarded Royal Designer for Industry. Robert Welch's most important commissions are in the Victoria & Albert Museum, The British Museum, the Museum of Modern Art, New York, Canterbury Cathedral and No.10 Downing Street, but undoubtedly, his cutlery designs in stainless steel have been sold and used more widely than any other part of his creative output. Autobiography. 'HAND AND MACHINE' is an autobiographical account of 33 years as a designer craftsman, by Robert Welch. The book was designed by David Hillman, of Pentagram London, widely acclaimed for his redesign of the Guardian newspaper. From an educational point of view the book offers a demonstration of the development of finished articles from drawings and sketches. Available in hardback only, UK price £20.00. silverwaresilverware link housewarehouseware link cutlerycutlery link glasswareglassware link

Whimsical Sisters offers a choice of southwest, contemporary and holiday hand-painted designs on glassware that make perfect wedding gifts, anniversary gifts, birthday gifts, holiday and special occasion gifts. Our unique hand-painted glassware can be personalized with your special event, date, or inspirational message. Any of our glassware pieces can be customized for use as corporate business gifts and for clubs and organizations. The Whimsical Sisters collection of hand painted glass includes our standard designs such as red chili peppers, Kokopelli, Saguaro cactus, and southwestern desert plus many animal, fish, tropical, floral and holiday designs. Please

Most Whimsical Sisters designs are offered on a wide variety of glassware styles and kitchen accessories such as wine glasses, martini glasses, pitchers, tumblers, salt pepper shakers, cruets and much, much more.

Since 1997 the artist has hand-painted her original designs on the glassware with one of two painting techniques. One is an air-dry permanent enamel which produces an opaque finish. The glass is first primed, then painted several times and topped with a high gloss glaze. It must cure for 10 days before the first washing. The other paint which turns out translucent, is painted on, dries for 24 hours and is then baked on. Both painting techniques produce durable, dishwasher safe glassware. However your hand-painted glassware art will probably look better longer if hand-washed with tender loving care.

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Precision Glassblowing offers the complete lines of inorganic standards from VHG, Inorganic Ventures, Elements, and High Purity Standards. For more information, please use the link below to navigate to our standards page or you can proceed directly to our home page for more information on the rest of our ICP Glassware products, including ICP torches, concentric nebulizers, other ICP, AA, and TOC/TOX consumables, as well as torch repair, general laboratory glassware, and custom glass and coils manufacturing. As always, please feel free to contact us with any questions. Call us at us. or Email Us.

We have an extensive collection of glassware for your home bar or kitchen, with everything from engraved beer mugs and engraved shot glasses to engraved martini and engraved wine glasses to engraved decanters and pitchers. engraved apothecary jars and engraved square canisters to engraved coffee mugs and engraved iced tea and beverage glasses.

Is the world leading manufacturer of NMR and EPR sample tubes and accessories as well as a complete line of scientific and laboratory glassware ranging from condensers, adapters and all types of flasks to Chromware

And filtration systems. We specialize in fabrication of custom glassware made to your specifications. As a major player in the scientific industry,

Handpainted Glassware and Gifts For all occasions. The Glass Lady offers unique designs delicately handpainted on fine glassware. A one of a kind holiday gift as well as the perfect alloccasion gift. Personalized Wedding items, reception favors and bridalshower favors and gifts. Also offered are personalized holiday ornaments. Have a Christmas ornament personalized for that special someone in your life. Gift boxed and ready to go.

My handpainted glassware also makes a greathousewarming, hostess or office gift. I offer something for everyone and every occasion. Hand painted glassware make wonderful unique gifts.

Make your special toast with a unique champagneflute, handpainted and personalized byThe Glass Lady. Also offered are reception favors and bridal showerfavors. All of my glassware is durable enough for every dayuse and just as elegant for that special occasion. All glassware has been handpainted with high qualityglass paints. After painting, each item is cured and then fired for durability. My hand painted glassware items are dishwasher safe, however, as with all fine handpainted glassware and dinnerware, I recommend hand washing. Never use anything abrasive to wash hand painted glassware.

Here's a quote from an email I received from one of my loyal customers.Just a little tidbit that I hopewill make you feel really goodabout all of your hard work. Stephanie and I manage to goto quite a few craft shows andwhenever we see handpaintedglassware we always stop andtake a look. In talking todaywe decided that your things arewithout a doubt the best we'veever seen. The combination ofyour patterns andworkmanship puts you wayabove the rest.

A most unique opalescent glass bowl, this stunning, irregularly formed piece is far more intricate and interesting than most vintage opalescent glass. The bowl features tree branch legs which rise from a textured round base, and the bowl itself that sits atop the legs is skewed to one side and curves upward for a superb, hand blown look. The opalescence is also particularly strong, with shades trending to blue making this a highly desirable piece all around. This opalescent glass bowl is a petite size that makes it easy to find places to display where it will surely generate complements. It stands approximately 4.5 high and 6.5 in diameter at the widest point. It's in excellent condition, part of a Hilton Head, SC estate collection of antique and vintage glassware. /85

Very attractive set of six silver overlay glasses, with heavy silver applied in a super swirl pattern that makes these glasses great for display and to use. The set includes 4 taller glasses perfect for juice or wine (5.75 high and 2.0 in diameter) and 2 wider glasses perfect for water or soft drinks (6.0 high and 2.75 in diameter) to comprise the set of 6, and all feature slightly smokey amber glass and are in great condition. Vintage silver overlay glassware is extremely hard to find in good condition, highly sought by collectors and for everyday home decor. Cross listed on Silver 1.

Super Imperial Glass Co. Carnival glass milk pitcher with the star medallion, a nice shape and size that has an eye catching design that looks even better when filled with your favorite beverage. This design is such a classic of Carnival glass with the molded raised relief over the body of the pitcher highlighted by the star medallion insets. We particularly like the angular details along the handle, and the size makes it great to both use and display at approximately 5.75 high and 4.0 in diameter not including the handle. It's in excellent condition direct to you from a Malibu, California estate collection of vintage glassware.

Glassware usually refers to glass items used as tableware, such as dishes, cutlery, flatware, and drinkware used to set a table for eating a meal. The term usually refers to the drinking vessels, unless the dinnerware is also made of glass. "Glassware" can also more generally refer to any object made of glass. Glassware is also a term used in the catering industry to refer to all glasses whether made of glass or plastics such as, polystyrene and polycarbonate.

Laboratory glassware, a variety of equipment, traditionally made of glass, used for scientific experiments

Wikipedia. This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Glassware".

Vitreous ware, crystal, glasswork, glass. Types of common glassware include. tumbler, mug, jug, decanter, bottle, jar, tableware, glass ovenware, vase, lamp base, flower bowl, goblet, sherbet glass, wine glass, liqueur glass, champagne glass, tulip glass, cocktail glass, highball glass, old-fashioned glass, margarita glass, water glass, cordial glass, brandy snifter, pony, shot glass, jigger, Pilsener glass, beer shell, stein, cake tray, parfait glass, beer mug, aleyard.

Here you will find manufacturers and exporters of glassware. You can also view related products categories along with sell offers posted by companies dealing in glassware.

We are offering Bar glassware, wine glassware manufacturer, bar glassware manufacturers, wine glassware suppliers, bar glassware supplier, wine glassware exporters, bar glassware exporters, bar glassware wholesale, wine glassware wholesale, beer glassware, beer glassware manufacturers, beer glassware wholesale, bar glasswares, bar glassware from India.more

We offer all kinds of lab glasswares. The products including beaker. flask, dish. funnel. bottle. desiccator. cylinder. pipette. burette etc. Microscope slides. Cover glassware. Plastic ware. Porcelain. Metal ware etc. Feel free to mail us your requirement.

We are engaged in manufacturing glass ware for extensive use in chemistry laboratory. Our range of glasswares consists of a variety of equipment to cater to the needs of varied chemistry experiments. It is manufactured of borosilicate glass and chemical resistant which gives it its durable nature and makes it resistant towards heat. Further it also.more

So what's in a beer glass? Hopefully beer, but there's much more to be found. Though some beer novices say "the vast majority of glassware is just marketing," this couldn't be further from the truth. As BeerAdvocates, we feel that beer drinkers deserve better than this. So here's the real deal. Sure, there's a marketing component to beer glassware, but one only needs to look beyond the branding to discover that something bigger is taking place. As soon as the beer hits the glass, its color, aroma and taste is altered, your eye candy receptors tune in, and your anticipation is tweaked. Hidden nuances, become more pronounced, colors shimmer, and the enjoyment of the beer simply becomes a better, more complete, experience. Still think it's just marketing? Well the sophomoric pun "head is good" has a mature side. Scientific studies show that the shape of glassware will impact head development and retention. Why is this important? The foam created by pouring a beer acts as a net for many of the volatiles in a beer. What's a volatile? Compounds that evaporate from beer to create its aroma, such as hop oils, all kinds of yeast fermentation byproducts like alcohol, fusels and fruity esters, spices or other additions. So a glass that promotes a healthy foam head may enhance the trapping of certain volatiles. And as varying levels of head retention and presentation are desired with different styles of beers, different styles of glassware should be used accordingly. Presentation marries science. So which glassware do you use? The answer can often be overwhelming. In Europe, especially Belgium, each brand of beer will often have its own glass. In fact, some breweries have been known to engineer the glass before the beer, and many bars will also stock unique glassware for every brand of beer they serve, which could be hundreds or thousands. And while it's always a good idea to use glassware designed by the brewery for a specific brand of beer, sometimes this is not an option. But fret not! We've complied a quick guide of recommended glassware that will cover most beers and arm you with a very versatile arsenal of glassware.

Heavy, sturdy, large and with handle, the mug is a fun and serious piece of glassware that comes in many sizes and shapes. The best part of using a mug is that you can clink them together with more confidence than other types of glassware, and they hold loads of beer. Seidel is a German mug, while a Stein is the stone equivalent that traditionally features a lid, the use of which dates back to the Black Plague to prevent flies from dropping in. Benefits. Easy to drink out of. Holds plenty of volume. Use with these Beer Styles.

So there you have it. Remember to always drink your beer in the proper glassware, because a properly served beer is a better beer. Getting Some GlasswareMany are available on-line, at stores like Crate & Barrel or, for those of you in the beer industry, from restaurant glassware wholesalers. Also checkout your local beer store who might carry a selection of glassware, and even the occasional glassware giveaway with purchase. Handling TipsNever chill your glassware, and decline if served a frosted glass. Why? As the beer hits the frosted glass condensation will occur and dilute your beer, while at the same time alter the serving temperature. Hand-wash all glasses. Some dishwashers will leave a residue, which may effect the head retention as well as the flavor and aroma. Use a mild dishwashing soap, and if you are really anal retentive have a separate sponge for your glass ware so there is not cross contamination from greasy food particles on a used sponge. Let them air dry, do not hand dry because the towel may leave dust particles which will affect the head retention. Caring for you glassware in this manner will also protect gold- or silver- rimmed glasses and glasses with silk-screened brewery logos. Make sure to read How to Pour a Beer and How to Taste a Beer.

Early American Pattern Glass Society Dedicated to the study, collecting, and promotion of nineteenth century pressed antique glassware.

The Popular Science Apparatus Workshops incorporated in 1974 to manufacturer and Exporters of Scientific Laboratory Equipments/Instruments, Laboratory Glassware, Biology Lab Equipments, Microscopes, Surgical Instruments, Medical Instruments, and Laboratory Chemicals, Physics Laboratory Instruments . Read More

Artisans around the world help you entertain with this exciting range of teapots, coffee mugs & weighty glassware!

In this beautiful section, discover everything you need to set a unique table, including teapots, coffee mugs, handblown glassware, handcrafted tableware, barware, wine goblets and extraordinary serving trays.

The very first tableware wasn't used at a table, however prehistoric blades, bowls and baskets figure in museum collections around the world. Over time, eating and serving utensils became specialized and beautiful. In France, cutlery, glassware and tableware are considered 'Arts de la Table' – part of the total dining experience. Tableware includes hollowware, flatware, cutlery and crockery. the tablecloths, placemats and napkins that complement it are an important part of the ensemble. Ceramics hold an essential place at the table, and Novica offers styles that range from stoneware to traditional Thai celadon to Mexican Talavera. Guadalupe Servin's classic designs, minimalist sets by Luh Putu Pancawati or dishes with tropical motifs by Putu Oka Mahendra make each meal a celebration for the senses. Teatime calls for sleek ceramic cups and whimsical teapots. Generous coffee mugs are welcome everywhere. Glassware and stemware add a touch of elegance to the table. Blown glass pitchers and colorful glassware bring informal chic to entertaining. Chargers made of Mexican pewter, condiment sets, and serving trays of tooled leather or bamboo each set different moods. And don't forget items such as chopstick rests, coasters, wine bottle holders and barware. Novica has all of these.

Transfers are brand spankin' new and can be used to jazz up your old and new tableware and glassware, your kitchen and bathroom tiles, laptop, iPod or any other "stuff" you want. Transfers are dishwasher safe so get sticky with it! All transfers come on 3.875" x 7.875" sheets. Email this to a friend Jansen+co is a young interactive company that designs and produces quirky home accessories, created and directed by Anouk Magis Jansen. Established in 2002, Jansen+co aims to assist designers in producing their products in an econonmic and feasible way, that ultimately benefits everyone from the designer through to the customer.

The long-awaited PCBs arrived! Filling back-orders at a brisk pace. Shown above is the new Rev-B PS-1 high/low voltage regulator. E-mail from GlassWare Customers. Hi John, I received the Aikido PCB today - thank you for the first rate shipping speed. Wanted to let you know that this is simply the best PCB I have had in my hands, bar none. The quality is fabulous, and your documentation is superb. I know you do this because you love audio, but I think your price of $39 is a bit of a giveaway! I'm sure you could charge double and still have happy customers. Looking forward to building the Aikido, will send some comments when I'm done! Thank you, regards, Gary. And Mr Broskie, I bought an Aikido stereo linestage kit from you some days ago, and I received it just this Monday. I have a few things to say about it.. Firstly, I'm extremely impressed at the quality of what I've been sent. In fact, this is the highest quality kit I've seen anywhere, of anything. I have no idea how you managed to fit all this stuff in under what I paid for it. Second, your shipping was lightning-quick. Just more satisfaction in the bag, there. I wish everyone did business like you. Sean H.

Classic Ehrlenmeyer flask is the lab glassware workhorse and has multiple applications in alchemical labwork. Heat resistant (made from the finest high-temperature borosilicate) with white graduated markings permanently etched into the glass. Ehrlenmeyer Flask 500 ml. Item #570. $7.95

One-piece 200 mm Liebig Distillation Condensor in high-temp glass with cooling water hose attachments. One piece glassware. Item # LIECON. $28.95

WASHINGTON, D. C. - The U. S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, in cooperation with the firm named below, today announced a voluntary recall of the following consumer product. Consumers should stop using recalled products immediately unless otherwise instructed. Name of product. Orange/Red Glassware Pieces Units. About 180,000 Importer/Distributor. Pier 1 Imports, of Fort Worth, Texas Hazard. The glassware can crack or break unexpectedly, posing a laceration hazard. Incidents/Injuries. Pier 1 Imports has received 17 reports of glassware that cracked or broke. One injury involving minor cuts from broken glass has been reported. Description. The recalled glassware pieces involve large and small tumblers, goblets and margaritas. The bottom half of the tumblers is red and the top half is orange. The bottom of the margaritas and the goblets is clear and the top is red and orange. Sold by. Pier 1 Imports stores nationwide, on its Web site (www. pier1.com), and in their April 2007 catalog from January 2007 through April 2007 for about $6 each. Manufactured in. China Remedy. Consumers should stop using the glassware pieces immediately and return them to their nearest Pier 1 Imports retail store for a refund or merchandise credit. Consumer Contact. For additional information consumers can contact Pier 1 Imports at (800) us. between 8 a. m. and 11 p. m. CT Monday through Saturday and between 9 a. m. to 9 p. m. Sunday, or visit the firm's Web site at www. pier1.com

The Glassware Preparation Core Facility provides centralized services to all internal Koch Institute member laboratories. Our primary goal is to consistently provide sterile glassware at an exceptionally high, tissue culture-grade standard. We provide labs with a wide variety of sterile and non-sterile glass and labware. Glassware is stocked at specific locations on each floor of the Koch Institute, according to the needs of laboratories on each floor. Please notify the laboratory aide responsible for your lab if there are any major changes to your glassware needs. All glassware in the building is communal, so if stock runs out on one floor, you may use glassware from any other floor. Cabinets on the 1st, 2nd and 5th floors are located on the main corridors. Glassware on the 3rd floor is stocked outside E us. We hope you are pleased with the quality of our product. Please let us know of any concerns so we may address them without delay.

Cheers! Whether you’re looking to quench a massive thirst or sip 30-year-old cognac, our glassware department has the item for you. Our range includes such high-quality brands as Reidel, Luigi Bormioli and Maxwell & Williams and Waterford. Page.12Next Page

This policy applies to the disposal of all laboratory glassware and plasticware at the University of Pennsylvania that has not come in contact with any infectious material. This policy does not apply to the disposal of laboratory sharps. (For information on the proper disposal of all sharps see the Laboratory Sharps Waste Management Procedure). Definitions Laboratory Glassware/Plasticware. any item that is not a sharp and/or has not been in contact with infectious agents, or has not been used in animal or human patient care or treatment at a medical, research or industrial laboratories, but could potentially puncture a regular waste bag and pose a hazard to waste handlers. This includes non-infectious slides, cover slips, vials, pasteur pipettes, empty chemical reagent bottles and broken or fragile glass or plastic. Sharp. any device/item having corners, edges, or projections capable of cutting or piercing the skin. Infectious Waste Sharps. sharps, including hypodermic needles, syringes (with or without the attached needle), pasteur pipettes, scalpel blades, blood vials, needles with attached tubing, culture dishes, suture needles, slides, cover slips and other broken or unbroken glass or plasticware that have been in contact with infectious agents or that have been used in animal or human patient care or treatment, at medical, research or industrial laboratories.

Label bucket with Non-Infectious Laboratory Glassware and Plasticware Disposal in Buckets label available from EHRS or your building administrator.

Label box with Non-Infectious Laboratory Glassware and Plasticware Disposal in Boxes label available from EHRS or your building administrator.

DO NOT use laboratory glassware buckets or boxes for the disposal of infectious waste used or unused sharps.

Keep glassware/plasticware for disposal separate from all other waste in the laboratory. Laboratory glassware/plasticware cannot be recycled.

All containers must be clearly labeled with a phrase similar to one of the following. Laboratory Glassware, Lab Glassware Only, or Glass.

DO NOT discard glassware in these containers if it contains hazardous chemicals, infectious or radioactive contaminants. If glassware is chemically contaminated, decontaminate this glassware prior to disposal.

Triple rinse and deface labels of empty chemical reagent bottles before discarding in laboratory glassware containers.

When glassware/plasticware cardboard boxes are ? full, seal the top of the box with packaging tape to indicate to housekeeping the box is ready for disposal.

Glassware buckets ready for disposal should be set aside for housekeeping to pick up. Housekeeping removes glass regularly.

Do not overload glassware/plasticware disposal containers. Overloaded and/or heavy containers can be awkward for housekeeping to carry.

In the Chemistry Complex ONLY. Housekeeping does not pick up glassware. Laboratory staff carry glassware to a blue drum on each floor. Facilities removes the glassware from the drum. All laboratory glassware containers in the Chemistry Complex must have the following label affixed to the outside of the container.

We believe that the fascinating world of science chemistry belongs to all who have a desire to further their understanding of nature and the world that surrounds them. This core belief has driven us to search the world to obtain a selection of high quality organic chemistry glassware pieces at affordable prices.

This kit includes a versatile combination of matching organic chemistry glassware designed to conduct basic procedures typically used in the organic chemistry laboratory. With this glassware assembly you can do sample preparation, extraction, simple distillation and reflux with addition. Detailed listing includes the following 14 pieces. (1) 500 ml. 3 neck, RB boiling flask (2) 500 ml. RB boiling flask (3) 250 ml. RB boiling flask (4) 100 ml. RB boiling flask (5) 50 ml. RB boiling flask (6) Condenser - Liebig 200 mm. (7) Condenser - Allihn 200 mm. (8) Adapter - 2 mouth (9) Adapter - Stillhead (10) Adapter - Vacuum 105 (11) Addition Funnel 125 ml. (12) Glass Hollow Stopper (13) Thermometer Adapter PTFE (14) Thermometer 0 to 360 degrees.